Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes

Question 1

What do we call the disease where fatty material is deposited on the inner walls of blood vessels?

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

What do we call the plaque of cholesterol, fibrous material and calcium beneath the endothelium?

Answer 2

atheroma

Question 3

Name 4 cardiovascular diseases atherosclerosis can lead to.

Answer 3

1. heart attack
2. angina
3. stroke
4. peripheral vascular disease

Question 4

State 3 effects of a build up of an atheroma.

Answer 4

1. Reduces the diameter of the lumen
2. increases blood pressure
3. Causes the blood vessel to lose its elasticity

Question 5

What are released when an atheroma causes damage to the endothelium?

Answer 5

clotting factors

Question 6

Clotting factors convert the inactive enzyme into its active form. Name the inactive and active enzyme.

Answer 6

inactive = prothrombin 
active = thrombin

Question 7

What are the substrate and product of the active enzyme thrombin?

Answer 7

substrate = fibrinogen
product = fibrin

Question 8

What role does the fibrin play in forming a clot?

Answer 8

fibrin threads form a mesh clotting the blood and sealing the wound

Question 9

What name is given to a blood clot?

Answer 9

thrombus

Question 10

What is the name of the process of forming a clot inside a blood vessel?

Answer 10

thrombosis

Question 11

What do we call a thrombus if it breaks free and travels through the blood stream?

Answer 11

embolus

Question 12

If an embolus blocks a coronary artery, what could it cause?

Answer 12

myocardial infarction (or heart attack)

Question 13

If an embolus blocks an artery supplying the brain, what could it cause?

Answer 13

A stroke

Question 14

What does PVD stand for?

Answer 14

peripheral vascular disease

Question 15

What is PVD?

Answer 15

narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain

Question 16

Where does PVD most commonly occur?

Answer 16

The legs

Question 17

Why does PVD cause pain in the associated area?

Answer 17

limited supply of oxygen

Question 18

What does DVT stand for?

Answer 18

deep vein thrombosis

Question 19

What is DVT?

Answer 19

a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, most commonly the leg

Question 20

What do we call a blood clot that breaks free and ends up in the lungs?

Answer 20

pulmonary embolism

Question 21

State 2 uses of cholesterol in the body.

Answer 21

1. type of lipid found in the cell membrane

2. used to make sex hormones - testosterone,, oestrogen and progesterone

Question 22

Where is cholesterol made?

Answer 22

All cells

Question 23

Where is 25% of cholesterol made in the body?

Answer 23

The liver

Question 24

What sort of diet can result in high levels of cholesterol levels in the blood?

Answer 24

high in saturated fats

Question 25

What does HDL stand for?

Answer 25

High density lipoprotein

Question 26

What does LDL stand for?

Answer 26

Low density lipoprotein

Question 27

Which lipoprotein transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination?

Answer 27

HDLs

Question 28

What is the role of LDLs?

Answer 28

Transport cholesterol to body cells

Question 29

Explain how high levels of cholesterol & negative feedback can lead to the formation of atheromas. (3 steps)

Answer 29

1. LDL receptors take LDL into the cells where cholesterol is released 2. Negative feedback inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors 3. LDL circulates in the blood and may deposit cholesterol in the arteries

Question 30

What ratio of HDL to LDL will reduce the chances of atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

Higher ratio of HDL to LDL

Question 31

How can you raise levels of HDL?

Answer 31

exercise

Question 32

What 2 dietary changes can reduce cholesterol?

Answer 32

1. Reduce levels of fat in your diet | 2. replace saturated with unsaturated fats

Question 33

Name the drugs that help to reduce blood cholesterol?

Answer 33

statins

Question 34

How do statins reduce blood cholesterol?

Answer 34

inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

Question 35

What 2 things can chronic elevated blood glucose levels lead to?

Answer 35

1. atherosclerosis | 2. blood vessel damage

Question 36

Elevated blood glucose levels can cause damage to small blood vessels. State 3 common issues.

Answer 36

1. haemorrhaging of blood vessels in the retina 2. renal failure 3. peripheral nerve dysfunction - numbness or pain in hands and feet

Question 37

Where are high blood glucose levels detected?

Answer 37

receptors in the pancreas

Question 38

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

Answer 38

insulin

Question 39

Where is insulin released from and where does it travel to?

Answer 39

pancreas to the liver

Question 40

What does insulin activate the conversion of?

Answer 40

glucose into glycogen

Question 41

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?

Answer 41

glucagon

Question 42

What does glucagon activate the conversion of?

Answer 42

glycogen into glucose

Question 43

Where is glucagon released from and what is its target tissue?

Answer 43

pancreas to the liver

Question 44

Which hormone is released during fight or flight situations?

Answer 44

adrenaline

Question 45

What is adrenaline released from during fight or flight situations?

Answer 45

adrenal glands

Question 46

What effect does adrenaline have on the secretion of glucagon and insulin?

Answer 46

``` glucagon = stimulates insulin = inhibit ```

Question 47

Which type of diabetes usually occurs in childhood?

Answer 47

Type 1

Question 48

Which type of diabetes can the person not produce insulin?

Answer 48

Type 1

Question 49

Which type of diabetes can a person usually be treated with regular doses of insulin?

Answer 49

Type 1

Question 50

Which type of diabetes has a greater chance of developing if you are overweight?

Answer 50

Type 2

Question 51

Can a person with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin or not?

Answer 51

Yes they can

Question 52

What causes the problem with Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 52

A decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver

Question 53

If there are a reduced number of insulin receptors, what effect will that have on the blood glucose levels?

Answer 53

It will rise - because glucose will not be converted into glycogen (just in case you were interested).

Question 54

What happens to blood glucose concentrations in both types of diabetes after a meal?

Answer 54

Rise rapidly

Question 55

What is a common indicator of diabetes?

Answer 55

glucose in urine as the kidneys will remove some from the blood

Question 56

What test is carried out to diagnose diabetes?

Answer 56

The glucose tolerance test

Question 57

Describe the steps of the glucose tolerance test.

Answer 57

1. Measure blood glucose after fasting 2. Drink glucose solution 3. Blood glucose levels measured over 2 hours

Question 58

State 3 differences of a diabetic to a non-diabetic during the glucose tolerance test.

Answer 58

1. Blood glucose levels start at a higher level than a non-diabetic 2. Diabetic's blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level during the test. 3. Diabetic takes longer to return to starting concentration.

Question 59

What do we call excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue such as muscle?

Answer 59

Obesity

Question 60

What is used to measure obesity?

Answer 60

BMI

Question 61

What does BMI stand for?

Answer 61

Body mass Index

Question 62

What is the equation for BMI?

Answer 62

BMI = body mass/height squared

Question 63

Obesity is indicated by a BMI greater than what number?

Answer 63

30

Question 64

State 2 things that can lead to obesity.

Answer 64

1. High fat diets | 2. Lack of physical activity

Question 65

Why should the energy intake in the diet limit fats?

Answer 65

Fats have a high calorific value per gram

Question 66

Why should energy intake in the diet limit free sugars?

Answer 66

They require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion

Question 67

State 6 benefits of exercise.

Answer 67

1. increases energy expenditure 2. preserves lean tissue 3. keeps weight under control 4. reduces stress 5. reduces hypertension 6. improves HDL and LDL ratio