Specific Defence

Question 1

Name the white blood cells involved in the specific immune response.

Answer 1

Lymphocytes

Question 2

How many different types of receptor does a lymphocyte have?

Answer 2

one specific to an antigen

Question 3

What do lymphocytes respond to?

Answer 3

The antigen on the pathogen

Question 4

When a lymphocyte initially binds to the antigen of a pathogen, what does this lead to?

Answer 4

Repeated lymphocyte division, clonal population of identical lymphocytes

Question 5

What are antigens usually made from?

Answer 5

Protein

Question 6

Where are antigens normally located?

Answer 6

On the surface of pathogens

Question 7

Name the 2 types of lymphocyte.

Answer 7

B and T

Question 8

Which type of lymphocytes produce antibodies?

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Name the Y-shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen.

Answer 9

antibodies

Question 10

What effect do antibodies have on the pathogen?

Answer 10

cause it to be inactive and unable to circulate

Question 11

What is usually the result of an antigen-antibody complex?

Answer 11

destroyed by phagocytes - yum yum

Question 12

What do we call it when B lymphocytes respond to antigens on harmless substances?

Answer 12

allergic reaction

Question 13

Name the cells that bring about apoptosis.

Answer 13

T lymphocytes

Question 14

What is apoptosis?

Answer 14

programmed cell death

Question 15

How does a T lymphocyte know which cells to destroy?

Answer 15

The antigens of the pathogen are left on the cell membrane

Question 16

Describe the 3 main stages of apoptosis.

Answer 16

1. T lymphocytes attach onto infected cells and release proteins 2. Proteins diffuse into the infected cell 3. Self-destructive enzymes are produced that cause cell death

Question 17

Why are the bodies own cells not normally attacked by T lymphocytes?

Answer 17

T lymphocytes can distinguish between self and non-self antigens

Question 18

What name is given to a disease where failure of the regulation of the immune system leads to T lymphocytes responding to self antigens?

Answer 18

autoimmune disease

Question 19

Give 2 examples of autoimmune disease.

Answer 19

Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, MS…there are many more

Question 20

State 2 ways the secondary immune response is different to the primary?

Answer 20

antibody production is quicker and greater

Question 21

Which cells in the body allow for the secondary immune response?

Answer 21

B and T memory cells

Question 22

What does the HIV virus attack?

Answer 22

T lymphocytes

Question 23

Does HIV lead to AIDS or does AIDS lead to HIV?

Answer 23

HIV leads to AIDS

Question 24

What is the result on the immune system of HIV?

Answer 24

weakened and person more vulnerable to opportunistic infections

Question 25

How can immunity be developed through vaccinations?

Answer 25

inject antigens from infectious pathogens to create memory cells

Question 26

State 3 possible antigens used in vaccines.

Answer 26

inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens

Question 27

What name is given to a substance which makes the vaccine more effective so enhancing the immune response?

Answer 27

adjuvant

Question 28

What name is given to the immunity that occurs when a large percentage of the population is immunised?

Answer 28

Herd Immunity

Question 29

How does Herd immunity protect non-immune individuals?

Answer 29

Less chance of them coming into contact with infected individuals

Question 30

What is herd immunity threshold?

Answer 30

The number of immune individuals above which the disease may no longer circulate

Question 31

State 3 factors that can affect the herd immunity threshold.

Answer 31

1. type of disease 2. effectiveness of the vaccine 3. density of the population

Question 32

What are mass vaccination programmes designed to establish?

Answer 32

Herd immunity

Question 33

Why do we have issues with the influenza virus each year?

Answer 33

The antigens change - antigenic variation

Question 34

If pathogens change their antigens, what effect does this have?

Answer 34

Means that memory cells are not effective against them