Cellular Respiration & Energy Systems

Question 1

What controls the metabolic pathways of respiration?

Answer 1

Enzymes

Question 2

What is the substrate and products of glycolysis?

Answer 2

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

Question 3

How many molecules of ATP are required during the energy investment phase?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What name is given to the addition of a phosphate to the glucose?

Answer 4

Phosphorylation

Question 5

What name is given to the phase of glycolysis where more ATP is generated?

Answer 5

energy pay-off phase

Question 6

How many molecules of ATP are generated during the energy pay-off phase?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

What 2 things does the coenzyme NAD collect?

Answer 9

1. hydrogen ions

2. high energy electrons

Question 10

Name the enzyme that breaks off the hydrogen ions.

Answer 10

dehydrogenase enzymes

Question 11

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 11

matrix of the mitochondria

Question 12

How many carbons are in a pyruvate molecule?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What is pyruvate broken down into?

Answer 13

acetyl group

Question 14

What is added to the acetyl group?

Answer 14

coenzyme A

Question 15

What is the name of the 4C molecule that joins with acetyl coA?

Answer 15

oxaloacetate

Question 16

What is formed when oxaloacetate joins with acetyl coA?

Answer 16

citrate

Question 17

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 17

inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 18

What are passed along the electron transport chain?

Answer 18

High energy electrons

Question 19

As electrons flow along the electron transport chain energy is released. What is it used for?

Answer 19

To pump hydrogen ions across the membrane

Question 20

Through which protein do hydrogen ions return to the matrix?

Answer 20

ATP synthase

Question 21

What is synthesised by ATP synthase?

Answer 21

errr ATP

Question 22

Name 2 things the returning hydrogen ions combine with as they move back into the matrix.

Answer 22

1. low energy electrons

2. oxygen

Question 23

What is the final hydrogen acceptor?

Answer 23

Oxygen

Question 24

What is formed from the oxygen, low energy electrons and hydrogen ions?

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

Every time a carbon molecule is lost during respiration, what is released?

Answer 25

carbon dioxide

Question 26

During anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted into in animal cells?

Answer 26

lactate

Question 27

What role does NAD play in making lactate during anaerobic conditions?

Answer 27

It transfers hydrogen produced during glycolysis, adds it to the pyruvate to produce lactate.

Question 28

What happens to muscles as lactate begins to accumulate?

Answer 28

Fatigue

Question 29

Why is this described as a reversible reaction?

Answer 29

1. Oxygen debt repaid when exercise complete | 2. Respiration provides energy to convert the lactate back to pyruvate and glucose in the liver

Question 30

Name the 2 types of skeletal muscle fibre.

Answer 30

1. slow twitch | 2. fast twitch

Question 31

Describe the structure of slow twitch muscle fibres.

Answer 31

1. Rely on aerobic respiration for ATP 2. Many mitochondria 3. Large blood supply 4. High concentration of oxygen-storing protein myoglobin 5. Major storage fuel is fats

Question 32

Describe the structure of fast twitch fibres.

Answer 32

1. Generate ATP through glycolysis 2. Fewer mitochondria 3. Lower blood supply 4. Major storage fuel is glycogen

Question 33

Activities linked to slow twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 33

Endurance - such as long distance running, cycling or cross country skiing

Question 34

Activities linked to fast twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 34

Sprinting or weightlifting

Question 35

Describe the contractions of slow twitch muscle fibres

Answer 35

Slow and can be sustained for longer

Question 36

Describe the contractions of fast twitch muscle fibres

Answer 36

Contract quickly over shorter periods

Question 37

What 3 things are produced from the breakdown of ATP?

Answer 37

ADP, Pi and Energy

Question 38

State 3 things needed to phosphorylate ADP.

Answer 38

ADP (hello), Pi and Energy