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VMS 1005 > Cardiovascular homeostasis I > Flashcards

Cardiovascular homeostasis I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lung, short distance and the pressure requirements are low

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2
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood pumped from the heart to the rest of the body, long distance with high aortic pressure

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3
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

To pump blood at a pressure high enough that it is able to circulate throughout the entire body and reach all the target organs

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4
Q

What does a P wave show?

A

Depolarisation of the atria

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5
Q

What does the QRS complex show?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

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6
Q

What does a T wave show?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

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7
Q

What sound does the closure of the AV valves make?

A

A ‘lubb’ sound, it is long and deep

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8
Q

Which valves vibrate as they close?

A

the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

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9
Q

What is the ‘second sound’?

A

Fast Closure of the pulmonary/ aortic valve as the ventricles relax- it is a higher pitched and shorter sound

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10
Q

Where is information sent to either increase or decrease rate of firing?

A

Information is sent to the SA node

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11
Q

What system controls the regulation of the heart rate?

A

The nervous system (specifically the autonomic)

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12
Q

What receptors on the heart stimulate the sympathetic system?

A

Beta-1-adrenoreceptors

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13
Q

What receptors on the heart stimulate the parasympathetic system?

A

M2 Muscarinic receptors (inhibit/s low down heart rate)

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14
Q

Why is the resting heart rate low in animals?

A

The parasympathetic system is dominating

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15
Q

What effect does the stretching of cardiovascular muscle have on the ventricles?

A

The force exerted due to the stretch further increases pressure inside the ventricle

this is called isovolumetric contraction

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16
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

When left ventricle pressure rises above the atrial pressure causing the mitral valve to close

this produces the first ‘lub’ heart sound

17
Q

What occurs to the LV muscles as blood starts to leave the LV

A

the LV muscles start to shorten which aids in expelling blood

18
Q

When do the aortic valves close during the cardiac cycle and what is the significance?

A

The aortic valves close once the LV pressure falls below the aortic pressure- this helps to prevent backflow and helps propel the blood

19
Q

When do the left atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valves re-open?

A

Once the LV pressure is below the atrial pressure

20
Q

Why is atrial contraction actually only neccesary during exercise?

A

atrial contraction only adds around 25% of the blood volume

21
Q

Why would the atrial pressure increase when the ventricle contracts?

A

There is a bulging of the AV valve into the atria

22
Q

What can be used as a surrogate marker to measure left atrial pressure?

A

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

23
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

Time during which the ventricles are contracting and emptying

24
Q

What is the TP interval?

A

Time during which the ventricles are relaxing and filling

25
Q

What is the ‘third heart sound’

A

heard immediately after the second heart sound shows changing in filling speed

26
Q

What is the ‘fourth heart sound’

A

It is heard immediately before the 1st heart sound contraction of the atria causes vibration of the ventricles

27
Q

What would a cardiac cycle be defined as?

A

the events occuring from the start of one beat to the start of another

28
Q

What hormones have an effect on the sympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

29
Q

What hormones have an effect on the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

acetylcholine (vagus nerve stimulation)

VMS 1005 (33 decks)

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