Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

- Animal Structure and Function > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What carries the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What carries the blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary veins?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What carries the blood from the left ventricle to the tissue?

A

Systemic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of systemic arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissue in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What carries the blood from the body to the right atrium?

A

Systemic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of systemic veins?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

Refers to a group of cells that function as a coordinated unit such as in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the TP interval?

A

When the heart muscle is completely at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is in one cardiac cycle?

A

One systole and one diastole cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes the ‘lub’ sound in the heartbeat?

A

When blood hits the closed AV valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes the ‘dub’ sound in the heartbeat?

A

When blood hits the closed aortic and pulmonic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

A measurement expressed as a percentage of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is ejection fraction calculated?

A

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is cardiac output measured?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What usually changes the heart rate?

A

Altered autonomic nervous system activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What part of the brain controlles the cardiovascular system?

A

The medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of control of the stroke volume?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is intrinsic control related to stroke volume?

A

To the extent of venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is extrinsic control related to stroke volume?

A

To the amount of sympathetic stimulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the three factors effecting stroke volume?
- Preload - Contractility - Afterload
26
How is stroke volume calculated?
Preload + Contractility − Afterload
27
What is preload?
Is the stretch of the heart muscle at the end of diastole determined by the volume of blood returning to the heart
28
How does increased preload affect stroke volume?
Leads to greater stretch of the ventricular walls resulting in a stronger contraction and increase stroke volume
29
What is the Frank Starlin Law?
The physiological principle that explains the relationship between preload and stroke volume
30
What is contractility?
It is the strength of the heart's contraction independent of preload influenced by sympathetic stimulation and cellular calcium levels
31
How does increased contractility affect stroke volume?
Results in a stronger heart contraction which increases stroke volume
32
What is afterload?
Is the pressure or resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole
33
How does increased afterload affect stroke volume?
It makes it harder for the heart to pump blood out which decreases stroke volume
34
What generates pressure in the circulatory system?
The contraction of the myocardium
35
What percentage of blood is in the pulmonary circulation and heart?
About 25%
36
What percentage of blood is in the systemic circulation?
About 75%
37
Which vessels act as blood reservoirs and what are they called?
Veins and are called capacitance vessles
38
What is the typical circulatory filling pressue?
7 mmHg
39
In which direction does blood flow in terms of pressure?
From high to low pressure
40
What causes resistance in blood vessels?
Friction between bloods and vessel walls
41
What happens to blood flow if resistance increases?
Blood flow decreases
42
What is the equation that relates pressure, flow and resistance?
ΔP = Flow × Resistance
43
How does vessel radius affect resistance?
Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius
44
What is the most important factor controlling resistance?
Arteriole radius
45
How can blood flow to a tissue be increased?
By increasing pressure or decreasing resistance
46
What effect does gravity have on blood pressure?
Gravity affects the pressure gradient influencing blood flow based on posture
47
What determines blood flow to an organ?
The resistance of arterioles supplying the organ
48
Why do arterioles cause a large pressure drop?
Because they have a small radii and contribute around 60% of total vascular resistance
49
How do arterioles affect capillary pressure?
They smooth out pressure fluctuations making capillary pressure more constant
50
Which nervous system controls arterioles?
The sympathetic nervous system
51
What are the two types of control of arteriolar resistance?
- Intrinsic control - Extrinsic control
52
What does intrinsic control regulate?
Blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of specific tissues
53
What does extrinsic control regulate?
Overall blood pressure across the body
54
What is autoregulation of blood flow?
The ability of tissue to adjust blood flow by changing arteriole diameter
55
What three factors contribute to intrinsic control?
- Nitric oxide - Histamine - Temperature
56
Which 3 organs rely heavily on intrinsic control?
- Brain - Heart - Skeletal muscles
57
What system is most important in extrinsic control?
The sympathetic nervous system
58
What happens when sympathetic activity increases?
- General vasoconstriction - Increasing arteriolar resistance
59
What happens when sympathetic activity decreases?
- General vasodilation - Decreasing arteriolar resistance
60
What does TPR stand for?
Total peripheral resistance
61
What equation relates blood pressure, cardiac output and TPR?
Blood pressure = cardiac output x TPE
62
What percentage of blood is in capillaries at any one time?
Around 5%
63
How far is any cell from the nearest capillary?
No more than 100 micrometers
64
What happens to blood velocity in capillaries and why?
Blood slows down as it has a huge total cross-sectional area
65
What are the two main ways substances move across capillaries?
- Diffusion - Bulk flow
66
What law governs the rate of diffusion
Fick's Law
67
Why does diffusion increase with higher cellular activity?
High activity increases the concentration gradient speeding up diffusion
68
What is bulk flow?
The movement of fluid and solutes together due to pressure differences
69
What does the capillary wall act like during bulk flow?
Acts like a sieve allowing water and solutes through but keeping proteins and cells in
70
What forces drive bulk flow?
- Hydrostatic pressure - Osmotic pressure
71
What does hydrostatic pressure do?
Pushes water out of capillaries into the interstitial fluid
72
What does osmotic pressure do?
Pulls water into capillaries from the interstitial fluid
73
What happens to excess fluid not reabsorbed by capillaries?
It is picked up by the lymphatic system
74
What is the function of the lymphatic system in fluid balance?
It returns excess fluid from tissues to the venous system
75
What are the smallest vessels of the lymphatic system called?
Initial lympatics
76
Where are initial lymphatics found?
They permeate almost all tissue
77
How does fluid enter the lymphatic system?
Fluid enters through one-way valve like opening in the vessel wall
78
What helps move lymph through the vessels?
Skeletal muscle contractions and intrinsic contraction of vessel walls
79
Where does lymph eventually empty?
Into large veins near the heart
80
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
- Returning excess fluid - Immune surveillance - Fat absorption
81
After capillaries where does blood flow next?
Into the venous system
82
What are the two main goals of blood flow?
- Transport gases - Maintain arterial blood pressure
83
Why is maintaining blood pressure important?
It ensures blood can overcome gravity and support ultrafiltration
84
Which is more immediately dangerous high blood pressure or low blood pressure?
Low blood pressure
85
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels
86
What does central chemoreception detect?
High CO2 levels
87
What effect does lactic acid have on blood pH?
Lowers blood pH
88
How does the body restore pH during intense exercise?
By increasing respiration which removes CO2 and raises pH
89
What two signals can trigger increased respiration during exercise besides pH?
- Neurons in cerebral cortex - Sensory cells in limbs
90
What happens to skeletal muscle arterioles during exercise?
They dilate to increase blood flow
91
How does arteriole dilation affect blood pressure during exercise?
It lowers the arterial blood pressure
92
How does the body respond to the drop in BP during exercise?
Increase: - Sympathetic tone - Heart rate - Contractility
93
What are the three factors involved in BP maintenance?
- Short term neural control - Long tem hormonal control - Baroreceptor reflex
94
What does short term BP control adjuct?
Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance via the autonomic nervous system
95
What does long term BP control involve?
The regulation of total blood volume through hormonal and kidney mechanisms
96
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
Short term reflex that responds to changes in mean arterial pressure
97
What do baroreceptors sense?
Stretch in vessel wallks
98
What happens to baroreceptor firing when BP increases?
Frequency increases
99
Where are the main baroreceptors located?
In the carotid sinus and aortic arch
100
Where are baroreceptor reflex integrated?
In the cardiovascular control centre of the medulla
101
What are the effectors in the baroreceptor reflex?
The heart and bloos vessel
102
What happens if blood pressure stays high for too long?
The baroreceptor set point resets which can lead to chronic hypertension

- Animal Structure and Function (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions