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- Animal Structure and Function > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 major functions of the kidney?

A
  • Regulate ECF volume and composition
  • Excrete metabolic waste, toxins and drugs
  • Hormone production
  • Calcium homeostasis
  • Acid base balance
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2
Q

What two hormones are produced by the kidney?

A
  • Renin
  • Erythropoietin
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3
Q

What is the role of renin?

A

Regulates long term blood pressure

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4
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A

Stimulates red blood cell production

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5
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

A
  • Cortical
  • Juxtamedullary
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6
Q

What is the general structure of cortical nephrons?

A
  • Superficial
  • Loop into outer medulla
  • No vasa recta
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7
Q

What is the general structure of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • Deep into the inner medulla
  • Vasa recta present
  • Concentrates urine
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8
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

Small thin walled hair pin shaped blood vessels in the kidney’s medulla

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9
Q

What are the four major functional steps in nephron processing?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
  • Osmoconcentration
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10
Q

What are the five parts of a nephron?

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal tubule
  • Loop of henle
  • Distal tubule/collecting duct
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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11
Q

What is the role of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Collects filtrate

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12
Q

What is the role of the proximal tubule?

A

Uncontrolled reabsorption/secretion

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13
Q

What is the role of the loop of Henle?

A

Sets osmotic gradient

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14
Q

What is the role of the dital tubule/collecting duct?

A
  • Variable Na, H2O reabsorption
  • Variable K, H secretion
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15
Q

What three things form the glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  • Capillary fenestrations
  • Basement membrane
  • Slit pores in podocytes
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16
Q

What three pressures affect glomerular filtration?

A
  • Glomerular capillary BP
  • Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
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17
Q

What two things increase net glomerular filtration?

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Decreased protein
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18
Q

What two things decrease net glomerular filtration?

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A
  • Increased plasma protein
  • Block tubules
19
Q

How is GFR primarily regulated?

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A

By adjusting glomerular capillary pressure via the afferent arteriole

20
Q

What are the three mechanisms of GFR autoregulation?

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A
  • Myogenic refles
  • Tubuloglomerular feedback
  • Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
21
Q

What is the myogenic reflex?

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A
  • Increased blood pressure results in arteriole stretch which result in constriction and decreased GFR
  • Decreased blood pressure results in arteriole dilation which increased GFR
22
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

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A

Macula densa cells sense increase flow/Na which results in release of ATP which constricts the afferent arteriole

23
Q

When is renin release by juxtaglomerular cells?

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A
  • Decreased renal perfusion
  • Increased sympathetic tone
  • Increased plasma K
24
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

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A

Movement of substances from filtrate back to blood

25
What is tubular secretion?
- Active transport of substances from blood into filtrate
26
What are the three types of tubular transport?
- Primary active - Secondary active - Passive
27
What is the permeability characteristics of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
- Permeable to water - Impermeable to Na
28
What is the permeability characteristics of the thin ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
- Permeable to Na - Impermeable to water
29
What is the permeability characteristics of the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
- Active Na, K, Cl reabsorption - Impermeable to water
30
Why is the thick ascending limb called the diluting segment?
Because it actively reabsorbs Na, K and Cl reducing filtrate osmolarity while being impermeable to water
31
What are the two main cell types in the collecting duct?
- Principal cells - Intercalated cells
32
What do principle cells do in collecting ducts?
- Regulated by aldosterone - Na reabsorption - K secretion
33
What do intercalated cells do in collecting ducts?
- K reabsorption - H secretion
34
What three features allow kidneys to produce dilute or concentrated urine?
- Hypertonic medullary interstitium - Diluting segments - ADH regulated water permeability in collecting ducts
35
What is the role of the hypertonic medullary interstitium?
It creates a gradient that drives water reabsorption from the collection duct via osmosis
36
What three mechanisms generate medullary hypertonicity?
- Countercurrent multiplier system - Active Na/K/Cl transport in thick ascending limb - Differential permeability of ascending vs descending limb
37
What are the two roles of the vasa recta?
- Maintains medullary hypertonicicity by removing reabsorbed water and solutes - Functions as a countercurrent exchanger
38
Why is filtrate always hypotonic when entering the collecting duct?
Because solutes are removed by the ascending loop of Henle but water is not
39
How does ADH affect the collecting duct?
- Increases water permeability by inserting aquaporins - Water is reabsorbed from the dilute filtrate into the hypertonic interstitium
40
What is the role of aldosterone in the kidney?
Promotes Na reabsorption and K secretion in the distal tubule and collecting ducts
41
What are the two effects of parathyroid hormone on the kidney?
- Increases Ca reabsorption - Decreases phosphate reabsorption
42
What are the four roles of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
- Inhibits renin and aldosterone - Reduces Na reabsorption - Increases GFR and Na water excretion - Decreases blood pressure
43
What are four common nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine?
- Creatinine - Urea - Uric acid - Allantoin
44
What effect does ammonium have on renal ion transport?
It can replace K at the ATPase disrupting cellular function

- Animal Structure and Function (27 decks)

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