Cardiovascular Physiology Topics

Question 1

how do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 1

you multiply HR by SV

Question 2

what does a positive chronotropic effect have on the heart?

Answer 2

increases heart rate

Question 3

what effect does increased heart rate have on contractility?

Answer 3

increased heart rate increases contractility–> positive staircase effect and post-extrasystolic potentiation

Question 4

what is the positive staircase effect?

Answer 4

when heart rate doubles, the tension developed on each beat increases in a stepwise fashion

Question 5

what is post-extrasystolic potentiation?

Answer 5

when an extrasystole occurs, the tension developed on the next beat is greater than normal

Question 6

What are the two types of heart failure?

Answer 6

systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction

Question 7

what is systolic dysfunction?

Answer 7

when the heart has trouble contracting and pumping blood out

Question 8

what is diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 8

when the heart won’t fill properly

Question 9

In a heart failure patient what would you expect the CO and the atrial pressure to look like?

Answer 9

decreased cardiac output and increased atrial pressure

Question 10

how would you describe the EF of systolic HF?

Answer 10

HRrEF (reduced EF)

Question 11

how would you describe the EF of diastolic HF?

Answer 11

HRpEF (preserved EF)

Question 12

what is the systolic pressure curve (ESPVR) associated with?

Answer 12

contractility

Question 13

what is the diastolic pressure curve (EDPVR) associated with?

Answer 13

relaxation/filling

Question 14

what could increased preload be caused from?

Answer 14

more venous return, more blood volume, and venous constriction

Question 15

what is the effect of an increased preload on EDV, afterload, and contractility?

Answer 15

increased preload causes a greater EDV, but afterload and contractility remain the same

Question 16

what effect does increased preload have on stroke volume?

Answer 16

increased preload causes an increased stroke volume

Question 17

what is preload?

Answer 17

the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Question 18

what is preload synonymous with?

Answer 18

the end diastolic volume

Question 19

what conditions cause increased preload?

Answer 19

hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves, and heart failure

Question 20

what is afterload?

Answer 20

the resistance the left ventricle must overcome in order to circulate blood

Question 21

when might afterload be increased?

Answer 21

hypertension, vasoconstriction, and aortic stenosis

Question 22

what effect does increased afterload have on preload and contractility?

Answer 22

they remain unchanged

Question 23

What effect does increased afterload have on SV and EF?

Answer 23

there will be a reduced SV and EF in cases of increased afterload

Question 24

What happens to the velocity of contraction as afterload increases?

Answer 24

velocity will decrease has afterload increases

Question 25

when is velocity of contraction of the LV the greatest (in regards to afterload)?

Answer 25

when afterload is 0

Question 26

What is the effect of increased contractility on SV, EF, preload, and afterload?

Answer 26

there will be an increase in SV, and an increase in EF; there will not be any change to preload or afterload

Question 27

when preload is changed, after a few beats, what happens? compensatory

Answer 27

there will be a corresponding change to afterload

Question 28

what is the effect of increased preload on afterload? compensatory

Answer 28

increased preload will cause an increase in afterload

Question 29

when there is a change in afterload, after a few beats, what happens? compensatory

Answer 29

there will be a corresponding change to preload

Question 30

what is the effect of increased afterload on preload? compensatory

Answer 30

increased afterload will eventually cause increased preload as stroke volume is decreased

Question 31

when there is a change in inotropy (contractility), what are the corresponding changes? compensatory

Answer 31

there will be changes in preload and afterload

Question 32

what is the effect of increased contractility on preload and afterload? compensatory

Answer 32

increased contractility will cause decreased preload and increased afterload