Thoracic Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology

Question 1

what are the contents of the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)?

Answer 1

trachea, esophagus, plus the nerves and vessels that supply and drain the head, neck, and upper extremities

Question 2

what are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)?

Answer 2

esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta

Question 3

what is the thoracic cavity surrounded by?

Answer 3

an osteocartilaginous thoracic cage

Question 4

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

Answer 4

two pulmonary cavities and the mediastinum

Question 5

what are the three parts of the sternum?

Answer 5

the manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process

Question 6

how many costal notches are there?

Answer 6

7

Question 7

how many costal notches does the manubrium have?

Answer 7

1st and 1/2 of the 2nd costal notch

Question 8

how many costal notches does the body of the sternum have?

Answer 8

1/2 of the 2nd, 3-6th, and 1/2 of the 7th

Question 9

how many costal notches does the xiphoid process have?

Answer 9

1/2 of the 7th

Question 10

where is the junction of the manubrium with the body of the sternum?

Answer 10

at the sternal angle

Question 11

what is another name for the true ribs?

Answer 11

vertebrocostal

Question 12

what is another name for the false ribs?

Answer 12

vertebrochondral

Question 13

what is another name for floating ribs?

Answer 13

vertebral

Question 14

what are the typical ribs?

Answer 14

ribs 3-9

Question 15

what does the head of the rib articulate with (typical rib)

Answer 15

the body of thoracic vertebrae

Question 16

what features do typical ribs have?

Answer 16

a head, neck, tubercle, and a body

Question 17

what does the superior articular facet on the head of the typical ribs articulate with?

Answer 17

the inferior costal demifacet on the thoracic vertebrae body one numeric segment superiorly

Question 18

what does the inferior articular facet found on the head of the typical ribs articulate with?

Answer 18

with the superior costal demifacet on the thoracic vertebral body of the same numeric segment

Question 19

what separates the two articular facets that are found on the head of the typical ribs?

Answer 19

the crest of the head

Question 20

what is the neck of the typical ribs?

Answer 20

the stretch of bone between the head and tubercle

Question 21

what does the tubercle of the typical ribs articulate with?

Answer 21

with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

Question 22

what is found on the body of the typical ribs?

Answer 22

the costal groove and the costal angle

Question 23

what does the costal groove house?

Answer 23

houses the intercostal nerve and vessels

Question 24

what are the atypical ribs?

Answer 24

ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12

Question 25

what is unique about the head of the 1st rib?

Answer 25

it has only one facet

Question 26

what tubercle is found on the first rib?

Answer 26

the scalene tubercle

Question 27

what is the purpose of the scalene tubercle?

Answer 27

it is the attachment point for the anterior scalene muscle

Question 28

what grooves are found on the first rib?

Answer 28

the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein

Question 29

which is more anterior: the groove for the subclavian artery or the groove for the subclavian vein?

Answer 29

the groove for the subclavian vein is more anterior

Question 30

what is unique about the 2nd rib?

Answer 30

it has the tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle, which is the insertion for the serratus anterior muscle

Question 31

what is unique about the 10th rib?

Answer 31

its head only has one facet

Question 32

what is unique about the 11th and 12th ribs?

Answer 32

their heads only have one facet and they do not have a tubercle or a neck present

Question 33

what are the most commonly fractured ribs, and where are their weakest loci?

Answer 33

the most commonly fractured ribs are the middle ribs at their weakest loci, which is just anterior to the costal angle

Question 34

what are supernumerary ribs?

Answer 34

extra ribs either in the cervical or lumbar region

Question 35

What are the two joints found on the sternum?

Answer 35

manubriosternal joint and the xiphisternal

Question 36

what does the manubriosternal joint add together and what type of joint is this?

Answer 36

the sternal angle and the 2nd costal notch; symphysis

Question 37

what does the xiphisternal joint add together and what type of joint is this?

Answer 37

the inferior limit of the thorax and the 7th costal notch; synchondrosis joint

Question 38

what are the sternocostal joints?

Answer 38

the junction of the costal cartilages with the sternum

Question 39

what type of joint is the 1st rib to the sternum?

Answer 39

synchondrosis

Question 40

what type of joint are ribs 2-7 to the sternum?

Answer 40

synovial planar

Question 41

what ligaments do ribs 2-7 make?

Answer 41

the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments

Question 42

what type of joint is the costovertebral joint?

Answer 42

planar synovial

Question 43

where is the radiate ligament found?

Answer 43

head of the rib to the vertebral body

Question 44

Example: what does rib 6 articulate with?

Answer 44

T5 and T6 and T6's transverse process

Question 45

what type of joint are the costotransverse joints?

Answer 45

planar synovial

Question 46

what two forms of movement occur at the costovertebral joint?

Answer 46

bucket handle movement and pump handle movement

Question 47

what is the main purpose of the movements at the costovertebral joint?

Answer 47

to increase the thoracic volume, thereby decreasing thoracic pressure, which produces inhalation

Question 48

what is the bucket handle movement?

Answer 48

elevation of the lateral most portion of the rib

Question 49

what is the pump handle movement?

Answer 49

elevation of the sternal end of the rib

Question 50

what type of joint are the costochondral joints?

Answer 50

synchondrosis

Question 51

what does dislocation of the ribs refer to?

Answer 51

a dislocation at the sternocostal joint

Question 52

what does separation of the ribs refer to?

Answer 52

a separation at the costochondral joint

Question 53

where are the interchondral joints?

Answer 53

6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10 costal catilages

Question 54

what type of joint are the interchondral joints of 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9?

Answer 54

planar synovial

Question 55

what type of joint are the 9th/10th interchondral joints?

Answer 55

fibrous joints

Question 56

what are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 56

external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, and innermost intercostal muscle

Question 57

what is the action of the external intercostal muscle?

Answer 57

elevate the ribs

Question 58

what is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 58

depress the ribs

Question 59

what is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 59

depress the ribs

Question 60

where does the external intercostal muscle become the external intercostal membrane?

Answer 60

anteriorly

Question 61

where does the internal intercostal muscle become the internal intercostal muscle?

Answer 61

posteriorly

Question 62

what does the neurovascular bundle travel between and what makes up this neurovascular bundle?

Answer 62

travels between the innermost and the internal intercostal muscles; made up of the intercostal nerve, the posterior intercostal artery, and the posterior intercostal vein

Question 63

if you can see the neurovascular bundle, what is missing?

Answer 63

the innermost intercostal muscle

Question 64

what is a thoracentesis?

Answer 64

insertion of a hypodermic needle through the intercostal musculature between the ribs to obtain a fluid sample or drain small amounts of blood or fluid from the pleural cavity

Question 65

during a thoracentesis, where is the needle inserted?

Answer 65

between ribs inferior to the intercostal neurovascular bundle, but superior to the collateral branches

Question 66

where is a chest tube typically inserted?

Answer 66

in the 5th or 6th intercostal space

Question 67

what is a thorascopy?

Answer 67

insertion of a thorascope into the pleural cavity through small incisions for visualizing and biopsying the space inside the pleural cavity

Question 68

what are the internal thoracic wall muscles?

Answer 68

the transverse thoracic muscle and the subcostal muscle

Question 69

what is the action of the transverse thoracic muscle and the subcostal muscle?

Answer 69

depress the ribs