Angiology

Question 1

the ascending aorta is the origin for what?

Answer 1

the right and left coronary arteries

Question 2

how does the right coronary artery travel?

Answer 2

it travels anteriorly around the heart to the posterior aspect

Question 3

what is the first branch of the right coronary artery?

Answer 3

the sinuatrial nodal artery

Question 4

what is ~typically~ the second branch of the right coronary artery?

Answer 4

the conus branch

Question 5

what branch of the right coronary artery travels along the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 5

the right marginal artery

Question 6

the right coronary artery will travel around to the diaphragmatic surface and produce what?

Answer 6

a posterior interventricular artery

Question 7

we do need to supply the conducting system with blood. How do we do that?

Answer 7

with the interventricular arteries

Question 8

what does the anterior interventricular artery come from?

Answer 8

the left coronary artery

Question 9

what does the posterior interventricular artery come from?

Answer 9

the right coronary artery

Question 10

how is the left coronary artery different than the right?

Answer 10

the left coronary artery is much shorter and splits into its two terminal branches rather quickly

Question 11

what are the two terminal branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 11

the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

Question 12

what does the anterior interventricular artery give rise to?

Answer 12

the lateral (diagonal) artery

Question 13

what does the circumflex artery give rise to?

Answer 13

a left marginal artery and sometimes the left posterior ventricular artery

Question 14

obstruction of the coronary artery may necessitate what?

Answer 14

replacement of a segment of the coronary artery, and this process is called a coronary bypass graft

Question 15

what is often used for a coronary artery bypass graft?

Answer 15

the great saphenous vein in the lower extremity; radial artery is also sometimes used

Question 16

what is a coronary angioplasty?

Answer 16

insertion of a small balloon catheter into the lumen of the coronary artery; the balloon is inflated to flatten the obstructing plaque against the wall and increase the size of the lumen improving blood flow

Question 17

what are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 17

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian artery

Question 18

what branches off the subclavian artery that is important when talking about the thorax?

Answer 18

the internal thoracic artery

Question 19

what is the route of the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 19

travels inferiorly to the posterior aspect of the anterior chest wall between the ribs and the transverse thoracic muscle

Question 20

what are the branches of the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 20

anterior intercostal artery, pericardiophrenic artery, and the musculophrenic artery

Question 21

what is the terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 21

the superior epigastric artery (and musculophrenic)

Question 22

what do the medial mammary arteries come from?

Answer 22

perforating branches that come from the internal thoracic artery

Question 23

where does the lateral mammary artery come from?

Answer 23

the lateral thoracic artery (which is from region 2 of the axillary artery)

Question 24

how can the descending aorta be divided into three vascular planes?

Answer 24

unpaired visceral branches, paired lateral visceral branches, and paired segmental parietal branches

Question 25

how are the unpaired visceral branches described?

Answer 25

they come straight off the aorta and will supply a visceral structure

Question 26

what are the 3 unpaired visceral branches?

Answer 26

mediastinal artery, esophageal artery, and pericardial artery

Question 27

what does the mediastinal artery supply?

Answer 27

the lymph nodes of the posterior mediastinum

Question 28

what does the esophageal artery supply?

Answer 28

the middle 1/3 of the esophagus

Question 29

what does the pericardial artery supply?

Answer 29

small branches to the pericardium

Question 30

what are the paired lateral visceral branches?

Answer 30

the right and left bronchial arteries

Question 31

what are the bronchial arteries responsible for?

Answer 31

supplying the the structures of the hilum of the right/left lung

Question 32

what are the paired segmental parietal branches?

Answer 32

the posterior intercostal arteries

Question 33

what is the first thing the posterior intercostal arteries are going to branch?

Answer 33

the dorsal branch

Question 34

what does the dorsal branch supply?

Answer 34

back musculature

Question 35

after the posterior intercostal artery produces a dorsal branch, what will it produce next?

Answer 35

a collateral branch

Question 36

after the posterior intercostal artery makes a collateral branch, what does it produce next?

Answer 36

a lateral cutaneous artery

Question 37

what is our third and final source for mammary arteries (not from the perforating branches of the internal thoracic and not the lateral mammary arteries from the lateral thoracic artery)?

Answer 37

we get a lateral mammary branch from the lateral cutaneous artery (which is a branch of the posterior intercostal artery

Question 38

what is the last branch that we have before the aorta goes through the thoracic diaphragm?

Answer 38

the superior phrenic artery

Question 39

what are the phrenic arteries and where do they come from?

Answer 39

musculophrenic artery (from the internal throacic artery), pericardiacophrenic artery (from internal throacic artery), and the superior phrenic artery (from the descending throacic aorta)

Question 40

what are the branches of the right pulmonary artery?

Answer 40

superior lobar artery, middle lobar artery, and inferior lobar artery

Question 41

what are the branches of the left pulmonary artery?

Answer 41

superior lobar artery and inferior lobar artery

Question 42

What branches from the lobar arteries?

Answer 42

segmental arteries

Question 43

what is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 43

obstruction of a pulmonary artery by an embolus, such as a blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble

Question 44

what do the pulmonary veins begin as?

Answer 44

intersegmental veins between the bronchopulmonary segments

Question 45

what do the pulmonary arteries follow?

Answer 45

the airway

Question 46

what do the pulmonary veins empty into?

Answer 46

the left atrium

Question 47

what do the pulmonary veins carry?

Answer 47

oxygenated blood

Question 48

where is the coronary sinus found?

Answer 48

posterior aspect of the heart

Question 49

what does the coronary sinus drain?

Answer 49

great, middle, and small veins

Question 50

what does the coronary sinus empty into?

Answer 50

the right atrium of the heart

Question 51

what does the small cardiac vein travel with?

Answer 51

the right marginal artery

Question 52

what does the middle cardiac vein travel with?

Answer 52

the posterior interventricular artery

Question 53

what does the great cardiac vein travel with?

Answer 53

the anterior interventricular artery (anteriorly) and the circumflex artery (posteriorly)

Question 54

what is the route of the anterior cardiac veins?

Answer 54

they come off the anterior part of the heart (usually on the right ventricle) and they cross over the right anterior ventricular groove, and empty directly into the right atrium

Question 55

what does the azygous vein drain and where is it sitting?

Answer 55

drains the right side posterior intercostal vein- sitting on the right side

Question 56

what does the azygous vein empty into?

Answer 56

the superior vena cava

Question 57

what drains the left posterior intercostal veins from the lower posterior thoracic wall?

Answer 57

the hemiazygous vein

Question 58

what drains the the left posterior intercostal veins from the upper posterior thoracic wall?

Answer 58

accessory hemiazygous vein

Question 59

what does the thoracic duct originate as?

Answer 59

the cisterna chyle

Question 60

where does the thymus sit?

Answer 60

in the anterior superior mediastinum