Pulmonology

Question 1

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 1

2 (the superior and inferior lobe)

Question 2

what are the two lobes of the left lung separated by?

Answer 2

the oblique fissure

Question 3

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 3

3 lobes- superior, middle, and inferior

Question 4

what separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe?

Answer 4

the oblique fissure

Question 5

what separates the superior and middle lobes?

Answer 5

the horizontal fissure

Question 6

what are the surfaces of the lung?

Answer 6

costal surface, mediastinal surface, and the diaphragmatic surface

Question 7

what makes up the hilum of the lung?

Answer 7

pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, main bronchi, pulmonary ligament

Question 8

what surface is the hilum found on?

Answer 8

the mediastinal surface

Question 9

what landmarks are found on the mediastinal surface of the right lung?

Answer 9

cardiac impression, groove for the azygous vein, groove for the esophagus, groove for the superior vena cava, groove for the inferior vena cava, groove for the 1st rib, groove for the brachiocephalic vein

Question 10

what landmarks are found on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

Answer 10

cardiac impression, groove for the aortic arch, groove for the descending aorta, groove for the first rib, groove for the subclavian artery

Question 11

where is the cardiac notch found?

Answer 11

the anterior border of the left lung

Question 12

where is the lingula found?

Answer 12

it is a thin process of the superior lobe that is created by the cardiac notch- on the left lung anterior border

Question 13

What tissue can lung cancer be derived from?

Answer 13

actual lung tissue or from the bronchi

Question 14

what nerves can be involved in lung cancer?

Answer 14

phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 15

what is a pneumonectomy?

Answer 15

removal of a whole lung

Question 16

what is pleura?

Answer 16

paired serous membranes surrounding the lungs

Question 17

what are the two different types of pleura?

Answer 17

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Question 18

what are the different types of parietal pleura?

Answer 18

costal pleura, mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, and cervical pleura

Question 19

what is cervical pleura?

Answer 19

the dome shaped over the apex of the lung

Question 20

what is pleuritis?

Answer 20

inflammation of the pleura producing a roughness on the lungs making breathing difficult

Question 21

what is the pleural cavity?

Answer 21

it is a potential space between the two layers of pleura (parietal and visceral)

Question 22

what is a pulmonary collapse?

Answer 22

it occurs when enough air enters the pleural cavity to break the surface tension between the two layers of pleura; the elasticity of the lungs causes them to collapse

Question 23

what is a pneumothorax?

Answer 23

entry of air into the pleural cavity from a penetrating wound to the thoracic wall or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion into the pleural cavity, which results in a collapsed lung

Question 24

what is hydrothorax?

Answer 24

accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity, usually the result of fluid escape into the pleural cavity or pleural effusion

Question 25

what is a hemothorax?

Answer 25

accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, usually the result of a chest wound, usually a result of a laceration of an intercostal vessel or internal throacic vessel rather than laceration of the lung

Question 26

what are lines of pleural reflection?

Answer 26

abrupt changes in the direction of parietal pleura

Question 27

what are the three lines of pleural reflection?

Answer 27

sternal line of pleural reflection, costal line of pleural reflection, and vertebral line of pleural reflection

Question 28

where does the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura anteriorly?

Answer 28

sternal line

Question 29

where does the costal pleura become the diaphragmatic pleura?

Answer 29

costal line

Question 30

where does the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura posteriorly?

Answer 30

vertebral line

Question 31

what is the first branch point of the trachea?

Answer 31

left and right bronchi

Question 32

where does the trachea exist?

Answer 32

in the posterior mediastinum

Question 33

how can the right main bronchus (can also be called the primary bronchus) be classified?

Answer 33

wider, shorter, and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus

Question 34

what are the secondary bronchi?

Answer 34

they go to each lobe of the lungs

Question 35

what is another name for the tertiary bronchi?

Answer 35

segmental bronchi

Question 36

what are the tertiary/segmental bronchi going to?

Answer 36

the corresponding bronchopulomonary segments

Question 37

what do the tertiary/segmental bronchi branch into?

Answer 37

conducting bronchioles

Question 38

what do the bronchi/bronchus have that the bronchioles do not?

Answer 38

cartilage

Question 39

what do the conducting bronchioles branch into?

Answer 39

the terminal bronchioles

Question 40

what do the terminal bronchioles branch into?

Answer 40

the respiratory bronchioles

Question 41

what is another name for secondary bronchi?

Answer 41

lobar bronchi

Question 42

what are the respiratory bronchioles capable of?

Answer 42

gas exchange

Question 43

what do the respiratory bronchioles branch into?

Answer 43

alveolar ducts

Question 44

what do the alveolar ducts end at?

Answer 44

an alveolus, which is the functional unit of the lung

Question 45

What is the significance of the right main bronchus being more vertical, wider, and shorter than the left main bronchus?

Answer 45

it is going to be a common site for foreign body aspirations

Question 46

What is the first site that is capable of gas exchange?

Answer 46

the respiratory bronchioles (they arent the primary site, but they are the first site that it can finally take place)

Question 47

what is bronchial asthma?

Answer 47

a widespread narrowing of the airways produced by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles

Question 48

What is a bronchoscopy?

Answer 48

insertion of a bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize the main bronchi

Question 49

at the split of the main bronchi, what do we have?

Answer 49

a ridge that is called carina

Question 50

why are bronchopulmonary segments important?

Answer 50

they are clinically relevant if you want to take out just a piece/segment of a patient's lung