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CPR Midterm > Cardiac and Vascular Histology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Histology Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

how can cardiac cells be described?

A

short, branched, y-shaped; with 1-2 nuclei

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2
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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3
Q

what are purkinje cells?

A

modified cardiac muscle cells that act as the pacemaker for the heart

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4
Q

what are the hallmarks of cardiac muscle?

A

it has striations, intercalated discs, and lipofuscin granules

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5
Q

what are lipofuscin granules?

A

from lysosomal degeneration; a sign of normal aging (wear and tear pigments)

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6
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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7
Q

what are the different parts of the serous pericardium?

A

a parietal layer of serous pericardium, a visceral layer of serous pericardium, and a pericardial cavity

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8
Q

what lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer of serous pericardium

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9
Q

what is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the heart?

A

the pericardial cavity

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10
Q

what is clinically important about the pericardial cavity?

A

if we have fluid in this pericardial cavity, it can lead to the heart not being able to fully pump as it normally would, leading to decreased ventricular outflow (this is a cardiac tympanade)

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11
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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12
Q

what is the epicardium synonymous with?

A

the visceral pericardium

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13
Q

what is a hallmark of the epicardium?

A

loose/areolar CT containing autonomic nerves and variable amounts of fat, lined with mesothelium

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14
Q

what is embedded in the adipose tissue of the epicardium?

A

branches of the coronary arteries

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15
Q

what is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

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16
Q

what is found within the myocardium?

A

cardiocytes, nodal cardiocytes, and myoendocrine cardiocytes

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17
Q

what is the myocardium characterized by?

A

it has striations, intercalated discs, lipofuscin granules

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18
Q

where are intercalated discs found and what is their purpose?

A

they are found only in cardiac muscles- at sites where cells meet end-to-end- always coincide with Z lines; they bind cells, transmit forces of contraction, and allow the spread of excitation

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19
Q

what are the different regions found within the intercalated disc?

A

a transverse region and a longitudinal region

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20
Q

what is the transverse region (perpendicular) made up of?

A

the fascia adherens and the desmosomes

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21
Q

what is the longitudinal region (parallel) made up of?

A

gap (nexus) junctions

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22
Q

what are the fascia adherens?

A

actin filaments at the ends of the terminal sarcomeres that insert into the junction; they transmit contractile forces between cells

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23
Q

what is the role of the desmosomes found within the transverse region?

A

they provide anchorage for the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

what is the role of the gap junctions found within the longitudinal region?

A

allows excitation to pass between cells

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25
in skeletal muscle you have a triad T-tuble. Is this the same in cardiac muscle?
no- in cardiac muscle you have a dyad t-tubules
26
what mades up the dyad found in cardiac muscle?
1 T-tubule and 1 SR cisterna
27
what are the dyad T-tubules?
fingerlike invaginations of sarcolemma found at z-lines
28
what is the purpose of the dyad T-tubules?
it allows for the uniform contraction of myofibrils within a single cardiocyte
29
what are the nodal cardiocytes?
the modified cells within a SA/AV node that initiate/relay electrical signals
30
what is the pathway of the conducting system?
the sa node--> av node--> av bundle--> r/l bundle branches--> purkinje fibers
31
what are purkinje fibers and what is their role?
they are specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses that allow coordinated contraction
32
what do the purkinje fibers lack?
t-tubules (mostly)
33
what is a key characteristic of purkinje fibers and why is this important?
they have fewer myofibrils, but a significantly larger amounts of glycogen--> allows them to be much more resistant to hypoxia
34
what are myoendocrine cardiocytes and what do they contain?
they are atrial cells that contain membrane-bound granules; also contain precursor of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
35
what is the role of ANF?
targets the kidneys to decrease Na+ and H2O retention
36
what is the composition of endocardium?
endothelium+ thin layer of loose CT
37
in the ventricles, what does the endocardium look like?
it has a subendocardial layer
38
what is a subendocardial layer?
a thin layer of connective tissue with smooth muscle; it merges with the myocardium and contains branches of purkinje fibers
39
on the atria, what does the endocardium look like?
the subendocardial layer is lacking; the purkinje fibers are typically closer to the endothelium; it is intermixed with the myocardium
40
what is the cardiac skeleton and where is it located?
it is a dense irregular connective tissue located in the endocardium
41
what is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?
it anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape; it works as an electrical insulator between the atria and the ventricles
42
what is the composition of the heart valves?
a core of fibroelastic connective tissue (lamina fibrosa) covered by endothelium
43
what are the heart valves continuous with?
the cardiac skeleton
44
what creates the central portion of the heart valves?
the fibroelastic layer of endocardium condenses to form a valve ring
45
walls of the arteries and veins are composed of what?
3 layers--> tunics
46
what is the innermost layer/ tunic of blood vessels?
tunica intima
47
what is the tunica intima composed of?
endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer
48
what is the composition of the endothelium of the tunica intima?
single layer of squamous epithelial cells
49
what is the basal lamina of the tunica intima composed of?
thin extracellular layer composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
50
what is the subendothelial layer of the tunica intima composed of?
internal elastic membrane, which is a sheet-like layer of fenestrated elastic material within arteries and arterioles
51
what is the border between the tunica intima and the tunica media?
the internal elastic membrane
52
what cells make up the innermost layer of the tunica intima?
the endothelial cells
53
how are endothelial cells connected?
via cell-cell junctions (number of junctions will alter permeability)
54
what is a major role of the endothelial cells?
they are metabolically involved in blood coagulation and thrombrosis, and local vasodilation/constriction
55
what are the storage granules found in the endothelial cells?
weibel-palade bodies (WPBs)
56
what do the weibel-palade bodies (WPBs) store and release?
von willebrand factor and P-selectin
57
what is the role of vom willebrand factor?
hemostasis
58
what is the role of p-selectin?
inflammation
59
what is the middle layer of the blood vessels?
tunica media
60
what is the composition of the tunica media?
circumferentially arranged layers of smooth muscle
61
what is the tunica media thick in?
arteries
62
what does the tunica media extend from?
the internal elastic membrane to the external elastic membrane
63
what is the layer of elastin that separates the tunica media and the adventitia?
external elastic membranes
64
what is the outermost layer of blood vessels?
tunica adventitia (aka the tunica externa)
65
what is the composition of the tunica adventitia?
it is longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue with few elastic fibers; will merge with the loose connective tissue surrounding the vessels
66
where is the tunica adventitia relatively thick?
venules/veins
67
where is the tunica adventitia relatively thin?
arterial system
68
what are the vessels that the tunica adventitia contain and what is their role?
vasa vasorum; they supply blood to the vascular walls themselves
69
how do the blood vessels receive innervation?
through the nervi vasorum (vascularis): ANS input that controls the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle
70
what are the largest vessels of the arterial system?
large (elastic) arteries
71
what forms concentric sheets/lamellae between the muscle cell layers of the large (elastic) arteries?
elastin
72
what do the smooth muscles of the large (elastic) arteries synthesize?
collagen, elastin, and ground substance of ECM
73
what is a key characteristic/difference between the large (elastic) arteries and the medium (muscular) arteries?
there is more smooth muscle and less elastin in the medium (muscular) arteries than in the elastic arteries
74
what is a hallmark for medium (muscular) arteries?
the prominent internal elastic membrane become apparent
75
how are the smooth muscle cells arranged in medium (muscular) arteries?
in a spiral fashion
76
what can be said about the tunica adventitia of the medium (muscular) arteries?
it is relatively thick
77
how are the small arteries and arterioles distinguished?
by the number of smooth muscle layers in the tunica media
78
how many layers of smooth muscle can the small arteries have?
up to 8 layers- will also have an internal elastic membrane
79
how many layers of smooth muscle can the arterioles have?
1-2 layers and the internal elastic membrane may or may not be present
80
what is the function of the arterioles?
they are the flow regulators for the capillary beds
81
what do the arterioles respond to?
the ANS
82
what does the sympathetic innervation to the tunica media cause?
vasoconstriction
83
what does the parasympathetic innervation to the tunica media cause?
vasodilation
84
what are the smallest of all the vessels?
capillaries
85
what do the capillaries form?
capillary beds
86
what occurs at the capillary beds?
they are the site of metabolic exchange
87
what are pericytes?
perivascular contractile cells with branching cytoplasmic processes
88
what are the pericytes controlled by?
nitric oxide (NO)
89
what is the role of the pericytes?
they promote the stability of capillaries and postcapillary venules
90
what are the three types of capillaries?
continuous capillary, fenestrated capillary, and discontinuous capillary
91
what is the metarteriole?
the first branch off the arteriole supplying the tissues
92
what are the precapillary sphincters?
regulate blood flow through true capillaries
93
what are true capillaries?
they branch from the metarteriole; they lack smooth muscle; pericytes may be present
94
what is a thoroughfare channel?
the distal end of the metarteriole (lacks smooth muscle)
95
what does the thoroughfare channel connect to?
a postcapillary venule
96
what receives blood from the capillaries?
venules
97
what are venules subclassified as?
postcapillary and muscular venules
98
what is the diameter of the venules?
.1 mm
99
what is the diameter of the small veins?
less than 1mm
100
what are the small veins continuous with?
muscular venules
101
what is the diameter of the medium veins?
10 mm
102
what is the diameter of the large veins and what are 3 examples?
>10 mm; superior and inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein
103
what are the hallmarks for identifying veins?
veins have thinner walls than accompanying arteries; lumen is larger than of the artery; lumen of veins are often collapsed
104
what are the layers of the postcapillary venules?
they do not have a true tunica media
105
what are the layers of the muscular venules?
have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media with a thin tunica adventitia
106
what are the layers of the small veins?
they will have all three tunics; tunica media is 2-3 layers; have a thicker tunica adventitia
107
how can you identify a medium vein?
the tunica adventitia is significantly thicker than the tunica media
108
what is the common site for a LE DVT?
medium veins
109
what are the closed-ended tubes found among the capillary beds (in the lymphatic system)?
lymphatic capillaries
110
what do the lymphatic capillaries go on to form?
collecting lymphatic vessels
111
what is the composition of lymphatic vessels?
they have all the vascular tunics and possess valves
112
where does the thoracic duct drain into?
the left subclavian and internal jugular vein
113
where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
right subclavian and internal jugular vein

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