Cardiovascular System Flashcards by SAM EMMANUEL FORMALEJO

Major organs of the Cardiovascular System

Heart
Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava

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What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

transportation
protection & clotting
acid-base balance
fluid & electrolyte balance
temp regulation

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where is the heart located?

emphasize, wag lang center. add deetz such its apex

anw, common sense n lng cgur0 2 hahah

bound by the chest wall anteriorly, diaphragm inferiorly
located in the mediastinum
1/3 on the right side; 2/3 on the left
base is directed superiorly to the right of the midline and posterior
apex is pointed to the left of the midline

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what membrane surrounds the heart and is composed of fibrous and parietal parts?

Pericardium

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the pericardium that is attached to diaphragm, sternum, vertebral colum, and other connective tissues

Outer fibrous peridcardium

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This layer of pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and connects with the visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium or Epicardium

much better nga lang if alam both layers ng pericardium ^_^ (fib & pari)

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3 layers of the heart wall

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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What layer of the heart wall provides force for contraction?

Myocardium

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which layer contains blood vessels directly attached to the heart?

Epi, Myo, or Endo

Endocardium

syempre endo,,, endo is the inner one alr

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the receiving ends of the heart

what chamber pi? how many?

2 atria; left & right

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chambers that pump blood to the arteries

how many?

2 ventricles; left & right ofc

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what septum divides the 2 atrium? what about the septum that divides the 2 ventricles?

Atrial Septum; Interventricular Septum

bsta divides 2 atrium atrial agad. whereas, interventricular sa opposite

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these structures in the heart prevents backflow of blood

valves

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valve that allows blood to flow from atrium to ventricles

what are the two valves?

Atrioventricular Valve

the 2 valves are the L and R AV valves
(sa baba addtl. info)

these 2 valves are also known as Tricuspid & Bicuspid (Mitral) respectively.

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also known as * heart strings; are inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.

Chordae tendineae

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These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart

Two types?

Semilunar valves

Pulmonary & Aortic

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These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart

Two types?

Semilunar valves

Pulmonary & Aortic

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This produces Lub

closure of AV valves

Note: these valves close sabay

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closure of what produces the Dub

Semilunar valves

sabay sila!

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This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored

Papillary muscles

located in ventricle walls~

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This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored

Papillary muscles

located in ventricle walls~

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This is the opening in the artery present in an unborn child

Ductus arteriosus

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Upon closing, the ductus arteriosus becomes?

when baby is born**

ligamentum arteriosum

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three types of circulation

Pulmonary - oxygenation
Systemic - from heart to body
Coronary - heart

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Pulmonary circulation pathway | enumerate :p and pls do include valves

1. SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus 2. Right atrium 3. Tricuspid valve 4. Right ventricle 5. Pulmonary Semilunar valve 6. Pulmonary trunk 7. Pulmonary arteries 8. Lungs 9. Pulmonary veins 10. Left atrium

Systemic circulation | enumerate & add valves! :p

1. Left atrium 2. Bicuspid (Mitral) valves 3. Left Ventricle 4. Aortic semilunar valve 5. Aorta 6. Body!

this originates from the aortic orifice

aorta

What are the 3 segments of the aorta?

* Ascending Aorta * Descending * Arch of the Aorta

The arch of the aorta is further divided into 3 parts, what are those? | ito yung tatlong sungay chuchu

* Brachiocephalic trunk * Left common carotid artery * left subclavian artery | brachio trunk bcoz this can be further divided into right caro & subclav ## Footnote ok poide rin pala artery i searched alr

All arteries **carry oxygenated blood** except this one

pulmonary artery

The ascending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries

coronary

The descending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries

thoracic

The pericardial sac is lined with an inner layer called the

parietal pericardium

what areas of the heart are supplied by the left coronary artery

Arterior wall of heart and most of left ventricle

the valve located between the right entricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

pulmonary semilunar valve

which layer forms the majority of the thickness of the heart wall

myocardium

what happens when left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure

bicuspid valve (mitral) opens

In the heart, an action potential originates in the

sinoatrial node

In ventricular systole, the ventricles relax or contract?

contract

the semilunar valves close during?

ventricular diastole ## Footnote ventricle lagi

the atrioventricular valves open during?

ventricular diastole ## Footnote ventricle lagi

Ventricular____ causes the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open | systole or diastole

Ventricular Systole

Inflammation of the serous pericardium is called?

Pericarditis

In the case of __________, fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial sac, causing a potentially fatal condition.

Cardiac tamponade

Fibrillation of the heart ventricles: a. reduces cardiac output b. caused by malfunction or fluttering of the valves c. causes a decreases in heart rate or bradycardia d. occurs when SA node recovers from defibrillation faster than any other conducting part of the heart

reduces cardiac output | galing smartbook swear!

Pain in the area of the chest and left arm wherein the heart muscle receives an insufficient amount of oxy-rich blood

angina pectoris

What cardiac arrhythmia will result in an ECG with no P waves, but normal QRS and T waves? A. Atrial fibrillation B. Ventricular tachycardia C. Bradycardia D. Atrial flutter

A. Atrial fibrillation | remember that P waves = atrial depolarization ## Footnote since no P waves, fibrillation in the atria ang nangyari (xori no english)

Obstruction of the ____ will causemore widespread damage to the heart as compared to the obstruction of the other, smaller vessels A. left marginal vein B. left coronary artery C. posterior interventricular vein D. anterior interventricular artery

B. left coronary artery

Blood is moved through the vascular system by? A. valves in the wall of the blood vessels B. rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in vessel walls C. pressure gradients created by the heart D. osmotic pressure

C. pressure gradients created by the heart

How does the struture of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery? A. capillary wall has only 2 tunics B. capillaries have more smooth muscle C. capillary walls are much thinner D. capillaries can constrict or dilate

C. capillary walls are much thinner | sige mas marunong pa kau sa reinforcement ha ## Footnote **Note:**capillaries are composed only of *tunica intima* or *interna*

Veins contain valves and arteries do not. | True or false?

True | valves prevent backflow & aid in venous blood return (in large veins)

The abdomninal aorta descends through the abdomen and then divides into? A. inferior mesenteric arteries B. common iliac arteries C. superior mesenteric arteries D. femoral arteries

common iliac arteries

What artery supplies the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine? A. inferior phrenic B. lumbar C. superior mesenteric D. Celiac trunk

C. Superior mesenteric artery

As the popliteal vein ascends past the knee and into the thigh, it becomes the?

femoral vein ## Footnote makes sense coz asa taas ng patella ay femur thus,, femoral vein

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the? A. superior mesenteric vein B. inferior mesenteric vein C. hepatic vein.

A. superior mesenteric vein

The hepatic portal vein carries blood draining from all of the following organs except the? A. large intestine B. stomach C. small intestine D. spleen E. urinary bladder

E. urinary bladder

Which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient? A. radial vein B. brachial artery C. Median cubital vein D. Cephalic vein E. Femoral vein

C. Medan cubital vein

The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the?

Brachiocephalic veins

Resistance to blood flow is lowest in? A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Veins D. Venules

C. Veins

Resistance to blood flow increases as blood vessels? | constrict or dilate?

constrict | yuh, if nagconstrict vessels m syempre mababawasan flow, thus resistance

Which of the following controls blood pressure on a short-term basis? A. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism B. ADH C. Atrial natriuretic peptide D. Baroreflex

D. Baroreflex

Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? 1. Arterial dilation 2. Valves in the veins 3. Sympathetic stimulation 4. Compression of veins by muscular movements

2. Valves in the veins 3. Sympathetic stimulation 4. Compression of veins by muscular movements

Where is the vasomotor center located?

Pons and medulla oblongata

Which of the following is a long-term regulator of blood pressure? A. Baroreflex B. Adrenal medullary mechanism C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mech

Baroreceptors are located in the? A. aorta and subclavian arteries. B. aorta and carotid arteries C. aorta and subclavian veins.

Aorta and carotid arteries

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via what nerves? | what cranial nerves?

the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along

Vagus nerve

The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because? A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end. B. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end. C. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

why do fluids reenter the capillaries at the venous end?

because the net hydrostatic pressure of the blood is lower at the venous end than it is at the arterial end. | ok basta net filtarion = arterial end; net hydrostatic = venous end

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?

90%; 10% enters the lymphatic capillaries

Blood ejected by the right ventricle and returned to the left atrium flows through the ____ circulation. | pulmonary or systemic

pulmonary

Pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood and pulmonary veins carry ____ blood

deoxygenated, oxygenated

The layer of blood vessel wall that consists of simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane, and connective tissue is the tunica?

interna

Tunica ____of blood vessel walls is comprised primarily of connective tissue.

adventitia; externa ## Footnote Adventitia = dense connective Media = smooth muscle & elastic connective Intima or Interna = endothelium & basement membrane

True or false: Medium-sized arteries are frequently called distributing arteries because the smooth muscle enables control of blood flow to different body regions.

True

what is the predominant tunic in large veins? what about in arteries?

tunica adventitia; tunica media

the only arteries that branch off the aorta are called?

coronary arteries (L & R)

Common iliac arteries arise from the division of the?

abdominal aorta

What is a weak and bulging segment of a blood vessel that might hemorrhage called?

aneurysm

what do you call the clot that forms in a blood vessel or a heart chamber?

thrombus

what do you call the obstruction of a blood vessel by any abnormal travelling object in the bloodstream such as blood clot of agglutinated blood cells?

embolism

arteries that the brachial artery branches into

radial and ulnar arteries