Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
A
- Maintaining homeostasis
- Receiving sensory input
- Integrating information
- Controlling muscles & glands
- Establishing and maintaining mental activity
2
Q
Two main divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central and Peripheral
3
Q
2 main divisions of Peripheral Nervous
A
Sensory & Motor Division
Afferent & Efferent
4
Q
division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
5
Q
division of the nervous system which consists of the nervous tissue outside the CNS
A
PNS
6
Q
____ send electrical messages to other cells
A
neurons
7
Q
A ____ is a bundle of many
axons that connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
A
nerve
8
Q
how many cranial nerves are there?
A
12 pairs (24)
9
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31 pairs (62)
10
Q
has both sensory and motor neurons and contained wholly within the digestive tract
A
Enteric Nervous System
ENS
11
Q
2 divisions of the motor division?
A
Somatic & Autonomic
12
Q
So anong difference ng Autonomic sa Somatic division?
A
Somatic targets skeletal muscles & soma = body; whereas Autonomic controls unconscious activities sa body kaya nga Auto = automatic siya wala kang gagawin
13
Q
2 divisions of the ANS?
A
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
14
Q
A ____ is the junction of a neuron between another cell
A
synapse
15
Q
main cells of nervous s’tem that receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, & transmit signals to other neurons
A
neurons
16
Q
what receives info from other neurons then transmits it towards the cell body?
short; cytoplasmic extension
A
dendrite
17
Q
part of a neuron that sends signals away or toward the CNS
A
axon
18
Q
3 types of neurons
A
pseudo-uni, bipolar, multipolar
19
Q
type of neuron that is many to one
many dendrites & one axon
plenty receivers one sender
A
multipolar
20
Q
type of neuron that has one dendrite & one axon
one is to one
A
bipolar
21
Q
type of neuron that has one process from the cell body that extends into 2 branches?
one branch to CNS; another to PNS
A
psedo-unipolar
22
Q
Functional types of neurons?
A
Sensory, Motor, Interneuron
Interneurons conduct potentials within the CNS from one neuron 2 another
23
Q
Supporting cells of the nervous system are called
A
Glial cells
24
Q
major supporting cells in the CNS that stimulate or inhibit signaling activity of neurons
also part of the blood-brain barrier between blood & CNS
A
Astrocyte
25
____ line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS and produces cerebrospinal fluid
| lines the venctricles & canals
ependymal cells
26
immune cells of the CNS
microglia
27
cells that provide myelin sheath to axons
Oligodendrocytes
28
gives myelin sheath to axons in the PNS
Schwann cells
29
support and protection of neurons from heavy-metal poisions
Satellite cells
30
Myelinated axons appear?
| white, gray, or black?
WHITE!
31
gaps in myelin sheaths are called?
nodes of ranvier
32
Type of nervous tissue that consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites where there is **very little myelin**
Gray matter
33
type of nervous tissue that consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths
White matter
34
Gray matter in the CNS? in the PNS?
cortex, nuclei; ganglion
35
White matter in the CNS? in the PNS?
nerve tracts; nerves
36
Two types of Ion channels
Leak channel & Gated channels
37
types of gated channels
Ligang-gates, voltage-gated, and other gated channels
38
________ occurs when the membrane potential becomes more positive
depolarization
39
occurs when the membrane potential becomes
more negative and is the movement of the membrane potential further away from zero
hyperpolarization
40
Which is more numerous in the inside of the cell? How about the outside?
| K+ or Na+
Potassium is higher inside. Sodium is higher outside
41
the inside of the cell membrane is ____ charged and the outside is ____?
| negatively charged or positively charged
inside is negatively charged; outside is positively charged
| that is why K+ ions come in. thus, resting membrane potential
42
what is the small voltage difference that can be measured accross the cell membrane?
potential
43
plasma membrane is ____ times more permeable to K+ than any other posi-charged ions (Na+)
50-100 more times
44
When stimulus is applied to a muscle or nerve cell, what channel opens?
Na+ or Sodium channels open
45
The movement of Na+ into the cell is called____, and causes the cell to become ____, a change called ____.
local current; positive; depolarization
46
____ of graded potentials occurs when the effects produced by one graded potential combine with the effects produced by a different graded potential elsewhere on the plasma membrane, which could lead to an action potential
Summation
| combi of graded potntls frm diff places tht cld lead 2 action potential
47
Increased permeability of cells to Na+ results to what?
Depolarization
48
Increased permeability of the membrane to K+ or Cl- results in what?
hyperpolarization
49
____ is the membrane potential at which voltage-gated Na+ channels open.
| when membrane potential reaches this, Na+ channels open
Threshold
50
# REMEMBER!
As long as the Na+ and K+ concentrations remain unchanged across the plasma membrane, all the action potentials produced by a cell are identical. They all take the same amount of time, and they all exhibit the same magnitude
basta pareho Na+ & K+ pareho lang lahat ng action potential na mapproduce
51
period wherein area on the plasma membrane becomes less sensitive to further stimulation
refractory period
52
the first part of the refractory period wherein complete insensitivity to another stimulus exists
absolute refractory period
53
The ____ follows the absolute refractory period and is the time during which a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can evoke another action potential
relative refractory period
| saur basically eto yung after ng absolute ref period
54
A type of stimulus that only produces a graded potential
subthreshold stimulus
55
A type of stimulus that causes a graded potentital that reaches threshold and results in a single action potential
threshold stimulus
56
a type of stimulus that is greater than a threshold stimulus and weaker than a maximal stimulus
submaximal
57
the action potential frequency ____ as the strength of the submaximal stimulus increases
| increases or decreases
increases
58
A type of stimulus that produces a maximum frequency of action potentials
maximal or supramaximal
59
conduction in unmyelinated axons is called?
continuous
60
conduction in myelinated axons is called
saltatory conduction
| saltare, to leap
61
conduction in myelinated axons is called
saltatory conduction
| saltare, to leap
62
the cell that transmits the signal towards the synapse is called?
presynaptic cell
63
the target cell receiving the information is called
postsynaptic cell
64
summation that occurs when multiple action potentials from separate neurons arrive at the same postsynaptic neuron
spatial summation
| from many presynaptic to one postsynaptic
65
occurs when two or more action potentials arrive in succession at a single presynaptic terminal
temporal summation
| one presynaptic to one postsynaptic
66
3 components of chemical synapse
presynaptic, postsynaptic, synaptic cleft
67
what can happen to the neurotransmitter once it is on the postsynaptic membrane?
broken down by enzyme
taken back by presynaptic
diffuses out of synaptic cleft
68
pathway wherein multiple neurons converge upon and synapse with smaller number of neurons
convergent pathway
69
pathway wherein a smaller number of presynaptic synapse with a larger number of postsynaptic neurons
divergent pathway
70
where the spinal cord ends
cauda equina
71
most superficial and thickest of the meninges
dura mater
72
middle part of the meninges that is very thin and spiderlike
arachnoid mater
73
deepest of the meninges and is bound very tightly to both the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
74
layer or space where CSF can be found
subarachnoid space
| between arachnoid mater and pia mater
75
horns of the gray matter in the spine
anterior, posterior, and lateral horns
| ventral, dorsal, lateral
76
center of the spinal cord
central canal
77
If ____ is to motor, then ____ is to sensory
| ventral or dorsal
Ventral root, Dorsal root
78
basic functional unit of the nervous system
reflex arc
79
Composition of reflex arc
(1) a sensory receptor, (2) a sensory neuron, (3) an interneuron, (4) a motor neuron, and (5) an effector organ
80
simplest reflex is called
| and example is?
stretch reflex
| knee-jerk or patellar reflex is an example
80
simplest reflex is called
| and example is?
stretch reflex
| knee-jerk or patellar reflex is an example
81
type of reflex that prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
Golgi Tendon Reflex
82
reflex wherein its function is to remove a limb or a body part from a painful stimulus
withdrawal reflex
83
3 layers of connective tissue in nerves
Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium
84
If ____ is the PNS, then ____ is in the CNS
| tracts or nerves
Nerves; Tracts
85
a major branch of a spinal nerve
ramus
86
rami that innervate most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column
Dorsal rami
87
rami that form intercostal nerves and plexuses
ventral rami
88
Plexus names of:
C1-C4?
C5-T1?
L1-L4?
L4-S4?
S5&Co?
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
89
nerve responsible for diaphragm contraction
phrenic nerve
| cervical plexus
90
connecs the spinal cord to the cerebrum
| has medulla oblongata, pons, and mibdrain w/ reticular formations
brainstem
91
part of brainstem that is a center for reflex, e.g., heart rate, breathing, vomiting, swallowing
medulla oblongata
92
part of the brainstem just superior to the medulla oblongata
pons
93
smallest region of brainstem
| serves as visual reflex center and is a part of auditory pathway
midbrain
94
scatterred throughout brainstem and controls motor, pain perception, and sleep-wake cycle
reticular formation
95
part of the brain that controls muscle movement and tone; governs balance and involved in learning motor skills
cerebellum
96
connects the brainstem to the cerebrum
diencephalon
97
subdivisions of diencephalon
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
98
part of the brain that controls perception, thought, and can override most systems
cerebrum
99
diencephalon region involved in motor function
subthalamus
100
diencephalon region responsible for emotions through smell and location of the pineal gland
| habenula nd pineal gland loc
epithalamus
101
part of diencephalon responsible for endocrine functions
hypothalamus
102
the folds in the brain are called? the grooves are called?
folds are gyri, grooves are sulci
103
# Cerebrum Lobes and Functions
Frontal:
Pariteral:
Occipital:
Temporal:
Frontal: motor functions
Pariteral: sensory area
Occipital: visual center
Temporal: auditory and smell; judgement and memory
104
CSF is produced where and by?
choroid plexus by ependymal cells
105
where does CSF pass from the lateral to the fourth ventricle?
interventricular foramen or foramen of monro
106
Passageway of CSF from 3rd to 4th vntricle
cerebral aqueduct
107
what forms the blood-brain barrier
endothelial, ependymal, and astrocytes
108
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Victor's Good Velvet's A Heaven
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Tringeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
| smell, vision, eye mvmnt (2), mastication, eye muscle, facial expression
## Footnote
hearing & balance, taste, pharynx palate nd larynx, spinal comp, tongue muscles
109
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
Sensory, Sensory, Motor, Motor, Both, Motor, Both, Sensory, Both, Both, Motor, Motor
