Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
this body system is also referred to as the alimentary tract or GI tract
A
Digestive system
MALAMANG ITO TOPIC NATIN EH HAHAHA!
2
Q
pathway of food
enumerate ulit ;p
A
mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > anus
3
Q
Layers of the digestive system
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
this is in order, from innermost (1) layer to outermost (4)
4
Q
cells that produce mucus
A
goblet cells
5
Q
what layer is responsible for the contraction of the GIT?
A
muscularis
6
Q
if the layer has peritoneum it is known as? If wala, what is it called?
A
serosa; adventitia
7
Q
what do you call the connective tissue of organs in the abdominal cavity?
A
mesentery/mesenteries
8
Q
Mesentery (a) connecting stomach to liver and diaphragm?
(b) connecting stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall?
A
(a) Lesser omentum
(b) Greater omentum
9
Q
how many teeth do we have?
adult and child
A
32 in adult; 20 primary teeth (bb teeth)
10
Q
what do you call the center of the tooth?
A
pulp cavity
11
Q
the material that protects the tooth is known as the?
A
enamel
12
Q
what results from the breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria?
A
cavities
13
Q
contains enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into glucose
what are the 2 enzymes found in saliva?
A
saliva
amylase & lysozyme
14
Q
this is the roof of the oral cavity
A
palate
hard palate is anterior part; soft palate is posterior part
15
Q
what are the four major salivary glands?
A
- submandibular - below mandible
- sublingual - below tongue
- parotid - below and in front of each canal
the locations are presented
16
Q
what structure is known as the throat and it connects mouth to esophagus
A
pharynx
17
Q
what tube connects the pharynx to the stomach?
A
esophagus
18
Q
A heartburn can otherwise be termed as?
occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into the esophagus
A
Gastroesophageal reflux
19
Q
The nerve responsible for swallowing
A
Cranial Nerve IX; Glossopharyngeal; both somatic & motor
20
Q
what do you call the mass of food formed in mouth?
A
bolus
21
Q
Phases of swallowing
A
- Voluntary - mouth to oropharynx
- Pharyngeal - oropharynx to esophagus
- Esophageal - esophagus to stomach
22
Q
how many muscular layers in the stomach?
A
Three:
1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular
3. inner oblique
23
Q
large folds in the stomach that allow it to stretch
A
rugae
24
Q
paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down
if bolus sa mouth, dito ay?
A
chyme
25
opening of the esophagus to the stomach
gastroesophageal opening
26
opening on the other side of the stomach from **stomach to small intestine**
pyloric opening
| ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening is **pyloric sphincter**
27
These cells produce HCL (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach
Parietal cells
28
These cells produce mucus in the stomach
Goblet cells
29
Cells that produce pepsinogen in the stomach
Chief cells
30
This enzyme breaks protein down into amino acids in stomach
Pepsin
31
phases of stomach secretion
1. Cephalic - in the brain
2. Gastric
3. Intestinal
32
the stomach empties every how many hours?
4 hours in a normal meal; 6-8 after a fatty meal
33
this movement in the stomach is characterized by **weak contractions** and is used to **thoroughly mix food to form chyme**
mixing waves
34
this movement in the stomach is characterized by strong contractions and **forces the chyme toward and through the pyloric opening**
Peristalsis/peristaltic waves
35
what structure is the major absorptive organ?
small intestine
| measures 6 meters in length
36
parts of the small intestine
1. Duodenum - 25cm
2. Jejunum - 2.5 m
3. Ileum - 3.5 m
37
this structure's function is to absorb water from indigestible food
Large intestine
38
parts of the large intestine
1. Cecum
2. Appendix
3. Colon
4. Rectum
5. Anal canal
39
The cecum joins the small intestine at what junction?
Ileocecal junction
40
the longest segment of the large intestine
colon - 1.5 meters long
| has ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions
41
how many hours does it take for food to pass through the large intestine
18-24 hours
42
the liver receives blood from what artery
hepatic artery
43
what do you call the divisions of liver with portal triad at corners
lobules
44
components of the Portal triad in the liver
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct
45
the layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue **containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and glands**
submucosa
46
what tunic (layer) consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria, and a thin layer of muscle.
mucosa
47
Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle, which are an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
muscularis
48
what layer consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium?
serosa or adventitia
49
pocket created by greater omentum
omental bursa
49
The outermost layer of the digestive tract is either a ____, consisting of peritoneum, or ____, a connective tissue layer.
serosa; adventitia
| serosa = peritoneum; adventitia = connective tissue layer
50
Organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane are referred to as
retroperitoneal
51
the third molars are also called as
wisdom teeth
52
pulp cavity within the root
root canal
53
Hard, nonliving material covering the crown
Enamel
54
Calcified living material surrounding the pulp cavity
Dentin
55
3 basic parts of a tooth
Crown, Root, Neck
56
The proteoglycan component of mucus that gives a lubricating quality to the secretions of the submandibular and sublingual gland is
mucin
57
openings for the gastric glands
gastric pits
58
Events of cephalic phase in order
1. Food is smelled, tasted, or thought about
2. Stimulation of medulla oblongata
3. Parasympathetic impulses from vagus nerve to neurons of enteric plexus
4. Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histaime
5. Gastric secreations are released
59
hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility
cholecystokinin; secretin
59
Lymphatic nodules within the digestive tract that initiate immune responses against ingested microorganisms are called
peyer patches
60
the types of enzymes secreted by the small intestine for digestion
peptidases & disaccharidases
61
in what quadrant is the liver located?
right upper
62
Major and minor lobes of the liver?
Major: Left & Right
Minor: Caudate & Quadrate
63
features of the small intestine that function to **increase surface area and enhance digestion & absorption**
Villi, Microvilli, Circular folds
64
the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the ____ to the ____
from the digestive tract to the liver
65
secretions of the stomach?
1. HCl - by parietal cells
2. Intrinsic factors - by parietal cells
3. Pepsin (from pepsinogen) - by chief cells
4. Mucus - goblet cells
66
what do you call the connective tissue septum that separates the right and left lobes?
falciform ligament
67
the liver receives blood from 2 sources, what are they?
hepatic artery (oxygen) & hepatic portal vein (nutritent-rich from digestive tract)
68
blood flow in and out of the liver
| structures
1. hepatic artery & hepatic portal vein
2. hepatic sinusoid
3. central vein
4. hepatic vein
5. inferior vena cava
69
three vessels of the hepatic portal triad?
1. hepatic portal vein
2. hepatic artery
3. hepatic sinusoid
70
bile salts emulsify ____.
lipids, fats, triglyceride
71
bile flow structures
1. bile canaliculus
2. hepatic duct
3. common hepatic duct
4. common bile duct
5. duodenum
72
organ that stores concentrated bile
gallbladder
73
secretion of the small intestine that stimulates the liver to produce bile?
secretin
| cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release bile
74
Fats are emulsified from large lipid droplets to smaller droplets by?
Bile, bile salts specifically
75
what do you call the cell that stores glycogen in the liver?
hepatocytes
76
does bile contain enzymes?
| yes or no?
no!
77
from the pancreas, what raises the pH of the small intestine?
bicarbonate ions
| bicarb ions neutralize the acidic chyme
78
from the pancreas, what raises the pH of the small intestine?
bicarbonate ions
| bicarb ions neutralize the acidic chyme
79
proteolytic enzymes produces by the pancreas
1. trypsin
2. chymotrypsin
3. carboxypeptidase
80
small tube attached to the cecum
appendix
81
bands of longitudinal muscle of the colon that form the haustra when they contract are called
teniae coli
82
a straight muscular stube that begins at the terminatioin of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal
rectum
83
the external anal sphincter consists of what type of muscle?
| skeletal, cardiac, or smooth?
skeletal muscle
| internal is fucking smooth muscle
84
enlarged or inflamed rectal veins that supply the anal canal that may cause pain or bleeding around the anus
hemorrhoids
85
Microorganisms within the colon aid in the breakdown of cellulose and the production of vitamin what?
K
86
the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called?
mass movements
87
what enzyme partially digests starch?
amylase
88
chemical digestion of carbs results in the production of?
monosaccharides or disaccharides
89
what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
lipase
90
enzyme that digests proteins into small polypeptide chains
pepsin
91
enzyme that breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids
peptidase
92
structures that secrete amylase?
salivary glands & pancreas
93
majority of monossacharides are absorbed in the ____ of the ____
capillaries of the small intestine
94
enzymes that digest lipids?
1. **lipase** by pancreas
2. **bile salts** by liver
95
enzymes that digest protein
1. **Pepsin** by stomach (from pepsinogen)
2. **Peptidase** by small intestine
96
Glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium occurs as a result of cotransport with ____
Na+ (Sodium) ions
97
Which are formed once lipids are digested in the intestine and bile salts aggregate around them?
micelles
98
A lipid droplet surrounded by a coat of proteins necessary for lipid absorption from the digestive tract is a ____
chylomicron
| micelles r tiny lipids droplets surrounded by **bile salts** not protz
99
fats that have no double bonds?
saturated fats
100
when chyme is concentrated water will:
a. be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium
b. move into the lumen of the small intestine
b. move into the lumen of the smalll intestine
101
Enzymes produced at the microvilli of the small intestine that break the peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids are called
peptidase
102
the majority of water absorption occurs in?
small intestine
103
chylomicrons are transported in ____ to the ____
lacteals to the liver
104
Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of
osmosis
105
The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of ____
active transport
