Endocrine System

Question 1

____allow cells to communicate with each other

not hormones

Answer 1

Chemical messengers

Question 2

controlled release of chemicals from a cell

Answer 2

secretion

Question 3

chemical messenger that stimulates the cell that secreted it

Answer 3

autocrine

Question 4

chemical messengers that act locally on neighboring cells

Answer 4

paracrine

Question 5

chemical messengers secreted by neurons

Answer 5

neurotransmitters

Question 6

chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

Answer 6

endocrine

Question 7

secretions of endocrine glands

Answer 7

hormones

Question 8

hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites called ____

Answer 8

target tissues or effectors

Question 9

these glands have ducts that carry secretions outside of the body

Answer 9

exocrine glands

Question 10

transport chaperone of hormones

Answer 10

binding proteins

Question 11

two types of hormones

Answer 11

lipid-soluble & water-soluble

Question 12

examples of lipid-soluble hormones

oid hormones

Answer 12

steroid & thyroid hormones

Question 13

examples of water-soluble hormones

Answer 13

protein, peptide, and amino acid derivative hormones

Question 14

are water-soluble hormones much quicker to dissolve than lipid-soluble?

yes or no?

Answer 14

yes, because water-soluble hormones have higher solubilities (water-soluble nga eh)

Question 15

enzymes that break hormones in the bloodstream are called

Answer 15

proteases

Question 16

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are relatively constant overtime

acute or chronic

Answer 16

chronic hormone secretion

Question 17

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are rapidly increasing in response to a stimulus

acute or chronic

Answer 17

acute hormone secretion

Question 18

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are secreted at fairly predictable intervals and concentrations

acute, chronic, or episodic

Answer 18

episodic hormone secretion

Question 19

control of hormone release by influence of body fluids

Answer 19

control by humoral stimuli

Question 20

control of hormonal release by action potentials or neurotransmitters

Answer 20

control by neural stimuli

Question 21

control of hormonal release that occurs when hormones stimulate the secretion of other hormones

Answer 21

control by hormonal stimuli

Question 22

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Answer 22

tropic hormones

Question 23

two types of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Answer 23

inhibiting and stimulating hormones

Question 24

most hormones are regulated by what type of feedback

Answer 24

negative

Question 25

target cell proteins of hormones

Answer 25

receptors

Question 26

receptors of lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 26

nuclear receptors | lipid-soluble are small & nonpolar, they diffuse ezlly thru plasma memb

Question 27

where are nuclear receptors found in a cell

Answer 27

nucleus & cytoplasm

Question 28

where do water-soluble hormones bind?

Answer 28

membrane-bound receptors ## Footnote they r large & cannot pass thru plasma membrane.

Question 29

what type of receptors can we find the second-messenger system?

Answer 29

membrane-bound receptors

Question 30

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 30

infundibulum

Question 31

where does the pituitary gland rest?

Answer 31

sella turcica

Question 32

two lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 32

anterior & posterior

Question 33

what lobe of the pituitary is continuous with the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

posterior pituitary gland/neurophysis

Question 34

hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are called?

Answer 34

neurohormones or neuropeptides

Question 35

portal system/circulatory system that extends from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 35

hypothalamohypophysial

Question 36

two types of hormones that the hypothalamus secretes?

Answer 36

secreting and inhibiting

Question 37

GHRH?

Answer 37

Growth hormone–releasing hormone ## Footnote targets anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone

Question 38

GHIH

Answer 38

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone | Somatostatin

Question 39

TRH

Answer 39

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ## Footnote Anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 40

CRH

Answer 40

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 41

GnRH

Answer 41

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ## Footnote Anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 42

PRH

Answer 42

Prolactin-releasing hormone

Question 43

PIH

Answer 43

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Question 44

ADH function? | Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 44

promotes the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.

Question 45

Other term for ADH?

Answer 45

Vasopressin | bcoz it also constricts blood vessels & raised bp when der r large amnts

Question 46

ADH secretion rate increases as blood ________ increases

Answer 46

osmolality | osmolality of a sol'n increases as the concentration of solute increases ## Footnote not too concentrated, not too diluted

Question 47

what do you call the receptors sensitive to changes in blood osmolality?

Answer 47

osmoreceptors

Question 48

Higher osmolality in blood results to higher ____ levels ## Footnote what hormone?

Answer 48

ADH

Question 49

Increased water reabsorption? | what hormone?

Answer 49

ADH | Antidiuretic hormone

Question 50

Increased uterine contractions | what hormone

Answer 50

Oxytocin

Question 51

2 hormones secrreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 51

ADH & Oxytocin

Question 52

increased growth in tissues, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis | what hormone?

Answer 52

GH (Growth hormone) or somatotropin

Question 53

Increased thyroid hormone | what hormone?

Answer 53

TSH or Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 54

Increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion | what hormone?

Answer 54

ACTH or Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 55

Increased lipid breakdown | what hormone?

Answer 55

Lipoproteins

Question 56

Analgesia in the brain | what hormone? ## Footnote Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 56

B endorphins

Question 57

Increased melanin production | what hormone?

Answer 57

MSH or Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 58

Progesterone and Testosterone synthesis? | what hormoneSSS?

Answer 58

LH or Luteinizing hormone; ICSH or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone | LH for women, ICSH for men

Question 59

estrogen & sperm cell production? | what hormone?

Answer 59

FSH or Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 60

Milk production in lactating women | what hormone?

Answer 60

Prolactin

Question 61

what connects the ____ lobes of the thyroid gland? | number & term

Answer 61

2 lobes; isthmus connects them

Question 62

the center of thyroid follicles is called?

Answer 62

colloids

Question 63

Colloids of each follicle in the thyroid is composed of what? | highly concentrated protein

Answer 63

thyroglobulin

Question 64

What is the precursor of thyroid hormones?

Answer 64

thyroglobulin

Question 65

two types of thyroid hormones

Answer 65

triiodothyronine & tetraiodothyronine; T3 & T4

Question 66

3 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 66

T3, T4, Calcitonin

Question 67

Secretions of a. follicles? b. parafollicular cells?

Answer 67

a. T3 & T4 b. Calcitonin

Question 68

Secreted by the parathyroid gland?

Answer 68

PTH or Parathyroid hormone

Question 69

hormone responsible for increased metabolism

Answer 69

Thyroid hormones

Question 70

hormone responsible for the decreased rate of bone breakdown? | due to high calcium levels in blood

Answer 70

Calcitonin

Question 71

hormone responsible for increased osteoclas activity, calcium re/absorption in the kidneys/small intestine?

Answer 71

PTH or Parathyroid hormone

Question 72

T4 is more potent than T3 | true or false

Answer 72

FALSE! | T3 is more potent than T4

Question 73

consistent abnormal increase in thyroid hormone secretion is termed as?

Answer 73

hyperthyroidism

Question 74

inability to secrete enough thyroid hormones is termed as?

Answer 74

hypothyroidism

Question 75

the enlargement of the thyroid gland

Answer 75

goiter

Question 76

other term for parafollicular cells

Answer 76

C cells

Question 77

Abnormal low levels of calcium in the blood | what term?

Answer 77

hypocalcemia

Question 78

the adrenal glands are also called as ____ because they are near the superior poles of the kidneys

Answer 78

suprarenal glands

Question 79

adrenal glands are composed of inner ____ and outer ____

Answer 79

medulla; cortex

Question 80

3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 80

zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 81

thickest layer of the adrenal gland

Answer 81

zona fasciculata

Question 82

two secretions of the adrenal medulla

Answer 82

norepinephrine & epinephrine

Question 83

____ is a precursor to the formation of epinephrine

Answer 83

norepinephrine

Question 84

Increased cardiac output, flood flow to skelet muscles & heart, vasoconstriction of blood vessels | what hormone?

Answer 84

epinephrine or adrenaline

Question 85

3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 85

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), Androgens

Question 86

increased Na reabsorption, K & H secretion, enchanced water reabsorption | what hormone

Answer 86

aldosterone

Question 87

Increased protein and lipid breakdown, glucose production, and inhibition of immune respone | what hormone?

Answer 87

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 88

minor importance in males; in females, secondary sex characteristics, axillary & pubic hair | what hormone

Answer 88

Androgens

Question 89

What gland is classified as both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

Answer 89

pancreas

Question 90

what composes the endocrine part of the pancreas? | (If exocrine is pancreatic juice to ducts)

Answer 90

Pancreatic islets | Islets of Langerhans

Question 91

What are the 3 cells that make up the islets?

Answer 91

Alpha, Beta, Delta | A = 20%; B = 75%; D = 5%

Question 92

collection of neurons in the brain that controls appetite

Answer 92

satiety center

Question 93

# Secretions of cells in Islets A=? B=? D=?

Answer 93

A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. Somatostatin

Question 94

Increased breakdown of glycogen, release of glucose in the blood | what hormone when you have low blood glucose?

Answer 94

Glucagon

Question 95

Increased uptake and use of glucose and amino acids | what hormone when you have high blood glucose?

Answer 95

Insulin

Question 96

Inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion | what hormone?

Answer 96

Somatostatin

Question 97

In general,, the target tissue responds to insulin by increasing its ability to take up and use glucose and amino acids. | True or False?

Answer 97

TRUE

Question 98

intense sensation of hunger despite high blood glucose levels

Answer 98

polyphagia

Question 99

increased urine volume

Answer 99

polyuria

Question 100

increased sensation of thirst

Answer 100

polydipsia

Question 101

Type I vs Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 101

insulin-dependent (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets) and nonsinsulin-dependent (inability of tissues to respond to insulin)

Question 102

What type of diabetes mellitus is more common?

Answer 102

Type II diabetes

Question 103

Hyperglycemia stimulates which cells of the pancreatic islets? produces what hormone?

Answer 103

stimulates B cells; produces insulin

Question 104

Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, thereby inhibiting reproduction; significance is not clear in humans; may help regulate sleep-wake cycles | what hormone?

Answer 104

Melatonin

Question 105

Possible inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Answer 105

Arginine Vasotocin

Question 106

Possible inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion | what horemone

Answer 106

Thymosin