CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Question 1

A congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus, a vessel between the pulmonary artery and aorta, fails to close after birth.

Answer 1

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Question 2

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 2

Narrowing of the aorta at the site where the ductus arteriosus closes, causing decreased blood flow to the lower body.

Question 3

What are common radiographic signs of Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 3

Two bulges of the aorta and rib notching caused by enlarged collateral vessels.

Question 4

What is a Septal Defect?

Answer 4

A defect in the wall (septum) that separates the heart’s chambers, allowing blood to be shunted between the chambers.

Question 5

What are the two main types of Septal Defects?

Answer 5

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).

Question 6

Which Septal Defect is more serious, ASD or VSD?

Answer 6

VSD

Question 7

A congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, creating two separate circulatory systems.

Answer 7

Transposition of the Great Vessels?

Question 8

What are the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 8

Pulmonary stenosis,
ventricular septal defect,
overriding aorta,
right ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 9

What is the classic radiographic appearance of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 9

A boot-shaped heart.

Question 10

Abnormalities in the heart valves, such as stenosis or incompetency, which can lead to heart failure.

Answer 10

Valvular Disease

Question 11

A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the atrium during systole.

Answer 11

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 12

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, leading to congestion of the circulatory system.

Answer 12

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Question 13

What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 13

Hypertension.

Question 14

What radiographic signs indicate left-sided heart failure?

Answer 14

Cardiomegaly and pulmonary vascular congestion.

Question 15

What is Right-Sided Heart Failure?

Answer 15

Failure of the right ventricle to pump blood efficiently, leading to systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

Question 16

What is the primary cause of Right-Sided Heart Failure?

Answer 16

Pulmonary hypertension, often caused by lung diseases.

Question 17

What is Cor Pulmonale?

Answer 17

Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension.

Question 18

A degenerative condition characterized by the buildup of fibrofatty plaques in arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening.

Answer 18

Atherosclerosis

Question 19

What are risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

High LDL cholesterol,
smoking,
hypertension,
diabetes,
obesity
sedentary lifestyle.

Question 20

A condition caused by the buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart.

Answer 20

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Question 21

What are common complications of CAD?

Answer 21

Angina pectoris,
myocardial infarction (MI),
heart failure.

Question 22

What is the primary cause of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Answer 22

An acute thrombus in a coronary artery leading to ischemia and necrosis of heart muscle.

Question 23

What is the primary symptom of Myocardial Infarction?

Answer 23

Severe chest pain that may radiate to the left arm or neck.

Question 24

What are the three types of Aneurysms?

Answer 24

Saccular
fusiform,
dissecting

Question 25

A type of aneurysm where A localized bulge on one side of an artery wall, often occurring in cerebral arteries.

Answer 25

Saccular Aneurysm

Question 26

A type of aneurysm where A bulge that affects the entire circumference of an artery, often found in the abdominal aorta.

Answer 26

Fusiform Aneurysm

Question 27

What is a Dissecting Aneurysm?

Answer 27

A tear in the arterial wall that allows blood to flow between the layers of the wall, forming an intramural hematoma.

Question 28

What is the primary imaging modality for detecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs)?

Answer 28

Ultrasound, MRI, and CT.

Question 29

What is the threshold for surgical repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)?

Answer 29

An aneurysm larger than 6 cm in diameter.

Question 30

The formation of blood clots within a vein, often in the lower extremities.

Answer 30

Venous Thrombosis

Question 31

What is the most serious complication of Venous Thrombosis?

Answer 31

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Question 32

A blockage of a pulmonary artery caused by a blood clot, fat, or air embolism.

Answer 32

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Question 33

What are common causes of Aortic Dissection?

Answer 33

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, connective tissue disorders.

Question 34

What is a Greenfield filter used for?

Answer 34

To prevent pulmonary emboli by trapping clots in the inferior vena cava.

Question 35

What are the most common locations for atherosclerotic plaque buildup?

Answer 35

Coronary arteries aorta carotid arteries.

Question 36

What is Mitral Valve Stenosis?

Answer 36

Narrowing of the mitral valve, reducing blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Question 37

What is Cardiomegaly?

Answer 37

Enlargement of the heart, often seen in congestive heart failure.

Question 38

What is the "boot-shaped" heart a sign of?

Answer 38

Tetralogy of Fallot.

Question 39

What is the "water bottle" sign on a chest radiograph indicative of?

Answer 39

Pericardial effusion.

Question 40

What is the "snowman" sign seen on a chest radiograph?

Answer 40

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Question 41

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, often caused by bacterial infection.

Answer 41

Endocarditis

Question 42

What is the most common cause of Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 42

Streptococcal or staphylococcal infection.

Question 43

Thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the septum, reducing blood flow out of the heart.

Answer 43

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 44

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood.

Answer 44

Cardiomyopathy

Question 45

What is the most common cause of Sudden Cardiac Death in young athletes?

Answer 45

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Question 46

A condition in which the heart's ability to pump blood is decreased because the heart's main pumping chamber is enlarged and weakened.

Answer 46

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Question 47

What is the hallmark symptom of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 47

Fatigue and shortness of breath.

Question 48

What is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 48

A condition where the walls of the heart become rigid, restricting the heart's ability to fill with blood.

Question 49

An abnormal bulging of the wall of the aorta.

Answer 49

Aortic Aneurysm

Question 50

What is the "knuckle" sign on a chest X-ray?

Answer 50

A finding indicative of pulmonary embolism.

Question 51

What is the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosing Aortic Dissection?

Answer 51

CT angiography.

Question 52

What is the most common cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Answer 52

Atherosclerosis.

Question 53

What is the primary treatment for Coronary Artery Disease?

Answer 53

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Question 54

What is the "apple-core" lesion a sign of?

Answer 54

Atherosclerotic narrowing of an artery.

Question 55

Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viral infections.

Answer 55

Myocarditis

Question 56

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.

Answer 56

Pericarditis

Question 57

What is a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

Answer 57

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, often caused by trauma or congenital anomalies.

Question 58

What is a common cause of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

Answer 58

Marfan syndrome.

Question 59

What is the "three sign" in a chest X-ray indicative of?

Answer 59

Coarctation of the aorta.

Question 60

An aneurysm in the popliteal artery, which is located behind the knee.

Answer 60

Popliteal Aneurysm

Question 61

Death of lung tissue caused by blockage of the blood supply to the lungs, often due to pulmonary embolism.

Answer 61

Pulmonary Infarction

Question 62

What is the most common cause of Pulmonary Hypertension?

Answer 62

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Question 63

What is a Saccular Aneurysm most commonly associated with?

Answer 63

Cerebral aneurysms.

Question 64

What is the difference between Stable Angina and Unstable Angina?

Answer 64

Stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, unstable angina occurs at rest and is a medical emergency.

Question 65

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

Answer 65

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).

Question 66

What is the primary symptom of an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Answer 66

A heart murmur.

Question 67

A life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Answer 67

Cardiogenic Shock

Question 68

What are the common causes of Cardiogenic Shock?

Answer 68

Severe heart attack (MI), heart failure, or arrhythmias.

Question 69

What is the most common cause of Sudden Cardiac Death?

Answer 69

Ventricular fibrillation.

Question 70

What is the most common cause of Pulmonary Embolism?

Answer 70

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Question 71

What is the hallmark radiographic sign of Heart Failure on chest X-ray?

Answer 71

Cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema.

Question 72

What is the "bat wing" appearance on chest X-ray indicative of?

Answer 72

Pulmonary edema.

Question 73

Narrowing of the aortic valve, leading to obstructed blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Answer 73

Aortic Stenosis

Question 74

What is Tricuspid Valve Stenosis?

Answer 74

Narrowing of the tricuspid valve, reducing blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Question 75

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve, obstructing blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

Answer 75

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Question 76

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to improper closure of the mitral valve.

Answer 76

Mitral Regurgitation

Question 77

Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure.

Answer 77

Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH)

Question 78

A congenital condition where the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of three.

Answer 78

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Question 79

small, painless red lesion on the palms or soles, often seen in Infective Endocarditis.

Answer 79

Janeway lesion

Question 80

A painful, red nodule on the fingers or toes, seen in Infective Endocarditis.

Answer 80

Osler node

Question 81

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and reducing its ability to pump.

Answer 81

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 82

What is the Beck's Triad associated with Cardiac Tamponade?

Answer 82

Hypotension muffled heart sounds jugular venous distention.

Question 83

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy, often mimicking a heart attack but without blocked coronary arteries.

Answer 83

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Question 84

What is the hallmark radiographic sign of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 84

Left ventricular ballooning, often seen in echocardiography.

Question 85

What is the common term for Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 85

Broken heart syndrome.

Question 86

What is an Aortic Ulcer

Answer 86

A penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer that can lead to intramural hematoma or aortic dissection.

Question 87

A congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is abnormally formed and positioned.

Answer 87

Ebstein’s Anomaly

Question 88

Excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac around the heart.

Answer 88

Pericardial Effusion

Question 89

tear in the inner layer of the aorta, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall.

Answer 89

Aortic Dissection

Question 90

What is the "false lumen" seen in an Aortic Dissection?

Answer 90

The new channel created between the layers of the aortic wall due to the dissection.

Question 91

What is the DeBakey Classification of Aortic Dissection?

Answer 91

A classification system that divides dissections into three types based on location: Type I (ascending and descending aorta), Type II (ascending aorta only), Type III (descending aorta only).

Question 92

A genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, often leading to cardiovascular complications such as aortic aneurysm.

Answer 92

Marfan Syndrome

Question 93

A heart attack that occurs without noticeable symptoms.

Answer 93

Silent Myocardial Infarction

Question 94

What group is most likely to experience a Silent Myocardial Infarction?

Answer 94

Diabetic patients due to neuropathy.

Question 95

What is the primary function of a Pacemaker?

Answer 95

To regulate the heart's rhythm by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscle

Question 96

A condition in which a long-standing congenital heart defect causes pulmonary hypertension and reversal of blood flow through the defect.

Answer 96

Eisenmenger Syndrome

Question 97

A rare aneurysm that occurs in one of the sinuses of the aortic valve, potentially causing rupture into the heart chambers.

Answer 97

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm