URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

removes waste products from the blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance

Answer 1

urinary system

Question 2

What condition involves the absence of a kidney?

Answer 2

Renal agenesis or aplasia.

Question 3

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

Answer 3

enlargement of one kidney when the other is absent or underdeveloped.

Question 4

What is Potter syndrome?

Answer 4

A condition involving the absence of both kidneys (bilateral agenesis), which is incompatible with life.

Question 4

What is a supernumerary kidney?

Answer 4

presence of an additional third kidney.

Question 5

What is renal hypoplasia?

Answer 5

A condition where one kidney is underdeveloped but contains normal nephrons.

Question 6

What is renal fusion anomaly, and which is most common?

Answer 6

The fusion of two kidneys, with horseshoe kidney being the most common fusion anomaly.

Question 7

A cyst-like dilatation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder, often congenital.

Answer 7

ureterocele

Question 8

A congenital kidney disorder where multiple cysts form, leading to kidney dysfunction.

Answer 8

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Question 9

What are the two types of PKD?

Answer 9

Autosomal recessive PKD and autosomal dominant PKD.

Question 10

A congenital condition characterized by dilatation of the renal tubules, leading to urinary stasis.

Answer 10

medullary sponge kidney

Question 11

What is the most common bacterial infection of the urinary tract?

Answer 11

Urinary tract infection (UTI).

Question 12

What bacteria is most commonly associated with UTIs?

Answer 12

Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Question 13

A bacterial infection of the kidney’s calyces and renal pelvis, commonly caused by E. coli.

Answer 13

pyelonephritis

Question 14

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 14

A recurrent or persistent kidney infection often caused by urine reflux from the bladder.

Question 15

An inflammation of the glomeruli due to an immune response, often following a streptococcal infection.

Answer 15

glomerulonephritis

Question 16

What is cystitis?

Answer 16

Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by bacterial infection.

Question 17

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

Answer 17

The backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, commonly associated with cystitis.

Question 18

Thickening of the small blood vessels in the kidney, often associated with hypertension and diabetes.

Answer 18

nephrosclerosis

Question 19

The loss of kidney function, either acute or chronic, leading to the buildup of waste products in the blood.

Answer 19

renal failure

Question 20

What is hydronephrosis

Answer 20

Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of urine flow.

Question 21

fluid-filled sac within the kidney, often asymptomatic but can cause obstruction if large.

Answer 21

renal cyst

Question 22

What is renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 22

The most common type of kidney cancer, originating from the renal tubules.

Question 23

A malignant kidney tumor in children,

Answer 23

Wilms tumor

Question 24

Another term for Wilms tumor

Answer 24

nephroblastoma

Question 25

type of cancer originating in the bladder, often related to smoking or exposure to industrial chemicals.

Answer 25

bladder carcinoma

Question 26

What is a staghorn calculus?

Answer 26

A large kidney stone that takes the shape of the renal pelvis and calyces.

Question 27

What is lithotripsy?

Answer 27

A medical procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones.

Question 28

What is nephroptosis?

Answer 28

The downward displacement of a kidney, also known as "floating kidney."

Question 29

A congenital condition where the kidney has two renal pelvises and ureters.

Answer 29

duplicated collecting system

Question 30

What is the main function of the glomeruli in the kidneys?

Answer 30

Filtering blood to form urine.

Question 31

What is uremia?

Answer 31

The accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.

Question 32

What is the purpose of dialysis?

Answer 32

To remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning.

Question 33

The absence of one or both kidneys at birth.

Answer 33

renal agenesis

Question 34

What condition is characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys?

Answer 34

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD).

Question 35

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Answer 35

It collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter.

Question 36

What is the "cobra head" sign associated with?

Answer 36

Ureterocele, which appears as a filling defect in the bladder on imaging.

Question 37

High blood pressure caused by narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys (renal artery stenosis).

Answer 37

renal hypertension

Question 38

What is hydronephrosis caused by?

Answer 38

An obstruction in the urinary tract, leading to a buildup of urine in the kidney.

Question 39

What is a congenital anomaly involving a shortened ureter called?

Answer 39

A pelvic kidney, where the kidney is located lower than normal, sometimes with a shortened ureter.

Question 40

What are the signs of a staghorn calculus?

Answer 40

A large, branching kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces, often causing obstruction.

Question 41

What is glomerulosclerosis?

Answer 41

The hardening or scarring of the glomeruli in the kidney, often due to chronic kidney disease.

Question 42

What is pyuria?

Answer 42

The presence of pus in the urine

Question 43

What is renal dysplasia?

Answer 43

An abnormal development of the kidney tissue that can lead to reduced kidney function.

Question 44

A bladder dysfunction caused by damage to the nervous system, often leading to urinary retention or incontinence.

Answer 44

neurogenic bladder

Question 45

What is urolithiasis?

Answer 45

The formation of stones in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.

Question 46

What is cystitis often associated with in women?

Answer 46

Frequent UTIs due to a shorter urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder.

Question 47

Calcification of the kidney, often due to high levels of calcium and phosphate in the urine.

Answer 47

nephrocalcinosis

Question 48

A condition where the kidney becomes swollen due to urine buildup

Answer 48

hydronephrosis

Question 49

A condition where the kidney is not in its normal anatomical position, often lower in the abdomen or pelvis.

Answer 49

renal ectopia

Question 50

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

Answer 50

backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, often leading to kidney infections and damage.