CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

A congenital condition where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a gap in the spine.

Answer 1

Meningomyelocele

Question 2

What is another term for Meningomyelocele?

Answer 2

Spina Bifida

Question 3

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain ventricles, causing pressure on brain tissue.

Answer 3

Hydrocephalus

Question 4

A kind of hydrocephalus where CSF flow is blocked due to an obstruction, causing the ventricles to dilate.

Answer 4

Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus

Question 5

A kind of Hydrocephalus where impaired reabsorption of CSF, leading to fluid buildup, often caused by inflammation or meningitis.

Answer 5

Communicating Hydrocephalus

Question 6

A surgical device used to drain excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen.

Answer 6

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Question 7

A condition where brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, often causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus.

Answer 7

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Question 8

Inflammation of the meninges caused by infection, leading to fever, stiff neck, and headache.

Answer 8

Meningitis

Question 9

What is Bacterial Meningitis?

Answer 9

A severe type of meningitis caused by bacteria, potentially life-threatening if not treated quickly.

Question 10

What is Viral Meningitis?

Answer 10

Milder meningitis caused by viruses like enteroviruses, usually resolving on its own.

Question 11

What is Tuberculous Meningitis

Answer 11

A type of meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often more chronic and harder to diagnose.

Question 12

Inflammation of brain tissue, usually caused by viral infections like herpes simplex.

Answer 12

Encephalitis

Question 13

A pus-filled pocket in the brain caused by bacterial or fungal infections, often treated with antibiotics or surgery.

Answer 13

Brain Abscess

Question 14

What is Subdural Empyema?

Answer 14

Accumulation of pus between the dura mater and arachnoid layers, often requiring surgical drainage.

Question 15

A condition where the intervertebral discs degenerate, leading to pain and potential nerve compression.

Answer 15

Degenerative Disk Disease

Question 16

What is Herniated Nucleus Pulposus?

Answer 16

A condition where the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the outer casing, pressing on nerves.

Question 17

Degenerative changes in the cervical spine, often leading to chronic nerve compression.

Answer 17

Cervical Spondylosis

Question 18

A progressive neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering nerves.

Answer 18

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Question 19

a condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain damage.

Answer 19

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Question 20

Another term for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Answer 20

stroke

Question 21

A type of stroke caused by a ruptured blood vessel, leading to bleeding in the brain.

Answer 21

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Question 22

What is Ischemic stroke?

Answer 22

A type of stroke caused by a blocked artery, accounting for 87% of all strokes.

Question 23

Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, which can block blood flow and lead to an ischemic stroke.

Answer 23

Thrombosis

Question 24

What is Embolism?

Answer 24

A blood clot or other debris that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, causing blockage.

Question 25

What is Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction (ABI)?

Answer 25

A type of ischemic stroke caused by a thrombus forming on an atherosclerotic plaque in a cerebral artery.

Question 26

A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve within hours.

Answer 26

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Question 27

Bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, often caused by ruptured aneurysms.

Answer 27

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Question 28

Bleeding directly into the brain tissue, often associated with hypertension or vascular anomalies.

Answer 28

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Question 29

A common type of brain tumor originating from glial cells, accounting for 45% of primary brain tumors.

Answer 29

Glioma

Question 30

A type of glioma composed of star-shaped astrocytes, often slow-growing but can become malignant.

Answer 30

Astrocytoma

Question 31

The most aggressive type of glioma, with rapid growth and poor prognosis.

Answer 31

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Question 32

A generally benign brain tumor arising from the meninges

Answer 32

Meningioma

Question 33

What is a Pituitary Adenoma?

Answer 33

A typically benign tumor of the pituitary gland

Question 34

What is Craniopharyngioma?

Answer 34

A benign tumor that arises near the pituitary gland, usually in children, and can cause hormonal imbalances and pressure on surrounding structures.

Question 35

A benign tumor on the eighth cranial nerve, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance issues.

Answer 35

Acoustic Neuroma

Question 36

A benign tumor arising from Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.

Answer 36

Schwannoma

Question 37

A tumor arising from the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal.

Answer 37

Ependymoma

Question 38

A highly malignant brain tumor, most common in children, typically arising in the cerebellum.

Answer 38

Medulloblastoma

Question 39

A benign tumor of peripheral nerves

Answer 39

Neurofibroma

Question 40

What is Subdural Hematoma?

Answer 40

A collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain, often resulting from head trauma.

Question 41

What is Syrinx?

Answer 41

A fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord

Question 42

A genetic disorder causing the growth of non-cancerous tumors along nerves, sometimes leading to neurological complications.

Answer 42

Neurofibromatosis

Question 43

A congenital condition where arteries and veins are abnormally connected, leading to increased risk of hemorrhage.

Answer 43

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Question 44

Narrowing of the carotid arteries, often due to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of stroke.

Answer 44

Carotid Artery Stenosis

Question 45

Abnormalities in blood vessel formation or structure, often contributing to conditions like AVMs or aneurysms.

Answer 45

Vascular Anomalies

Question 46

A weak spot in a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and may rupture, leading to hemorrhage.

Answer 46

Cerebral Aneurysm

Question 47

A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrients.

Answer 47

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 48

Structures responsible for reabsorbing cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream.

Answer 48

Arachnoid Villi

Question 49

The area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater where cerebrospinal fluid circulates.

Answer 49

Subarachnoid Space

Question 50

A set of four interconnected cavities in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated.

Answer 50

Ventricles of the Brain

Question 51

A large band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 51

Corpus Callosum

Question 52

Brain tissue composed mainly of myelinated nerve fibers, responsible for transmitting signals within the nervous system.

Answer 52

White Matter

Question 53

Brain tissue primarily composed of neuron cell bodies, involved in muscle control, sensory perception, memory, emotions, and speech.

Answer 53

Gray Matter

Question 54

The region at the base of the skull, which contains the cerebellum and brainstem.

Answer 54

Posterior Fossa

Question 55

A part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

Answer 55

Cerebellum

Question 56

What is the Brainstem?

Answer 56

part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

Question 57

Two halves of the brain, each controlling opposite sides of the body.

Answer 57

Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 58

What is the Pons?

Answer 58

part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus, involved in motor control and sensory analysis.

Question 59

What is the Medulla Oblongata

Answer 59

The lower half of the brainstem, responsible for autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Question 60

The large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to connect to the brain.

Answer 60

Foramen Magnum

Question 61

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 61

The outer layer of the brain, involved in higher brain functions such as thought and action.

Question 62

What is the hippocampus?

Answer 62

A part of the brain involved in forming, organizing, and storing memories.

Question 63

What is the limbic system?

Answer 63

group of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, and memory.

Question 64

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 64

A group of nuclei in the brain involved in motor control, cognition, and emotions.

Question 65

A brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 65

Thalamus

Question 66

A small region of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian rhythms.

Answer 66

Hypothalamus

Question 67

What is Epilepsy?

Answer 67

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal brain activity.

Question 68

What is a seizure?

Answer 68

A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness.

Question 69

A type of seizure involving a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions.

Answer 69

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

Question 70

A type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in attention and awareness.

Answer 70

Absence Seizure

Question 71

What is status epilectus?

Answer 71

A medical emergency where a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or seizures occur close together without recovery in between.

Question 72

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain, commonly used to diagnose epilepsy.

Answer 72

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Question 73

A seizure that starts in one area of the brain and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the area affected.

Answer 73

Focal Seizure

Question 74

What is Generalized Seizure?

Answer 74

A seizure that affects both sides of the brain from the start.

Question 75

A condition in which the peripheral nerves are damaged, leading to weakness, numbness, or pain.

Answer 75

Neuropathy

Question 76

A condition where neurons in the brain or peripheral nervous system progressively lose function or die.

Answer 76

Neurodegenerative Disease

Question 77

A neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement, leading to symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and slow movements.

Answer 77

Parkinson's Disease

Question 78

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior.

Answer 78

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 79

Twisted fibers found inside brain cells in Alzheimer's disease, leading to cell dysfunction and death.

Answer 79

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Question 80

A genetic neurodegenerative disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

Answer 80

Huntington's Disease

Question 81

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Answer 81

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

Question 82

A rare disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis.

Answer 82

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Question 83

An autoimmune disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, especially those responsible for breathing and moving body parts.

Answer 83

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 84

A condition causing sudden weakness or paralysis in the muscles on one side of the face, usually temporary.

Answer 84

Bell's Palsy

Question 85

A chronic pain condition affecting the trigeminal nerve in the face, causing severe, sudden facial pain.

Answer 85

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Question 86

Damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to pain, tingling, or numbness, often due to diabetes or injury.

Answer 86

Peripheral Neuropathy

Question 87

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Answer 87

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist, leading to pain and numbness.

Question 88

What is Sciatica?

Answer 88

Pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from the lower back down through the hips and legs.

Question 89

narrowing of the spaces within the spine, which can put pressure on the nerves traveling through the spine.

Answer 89

Spinal Stenosis

Question 90

A condition caused by compression, inflammation, or injury to a spinal nerve root, resulting in pain, numbness, or weakness.

Answer 90

Radiculopathy

Question 91

A surgical procedure that removes part of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

Answer 91

Laminectomy

Question 92

Weakness on one side of the body, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.

Answer 92

Hemiparesis

Question 93

Paralysis of the lower half of the body, typically resulting from spinal cord injury.

Answer 93

Paraplegia

Question 94

Paralysis of all four limbs, usually caused by damage to the spinal cord in the cervical region.

Answer 94

Quadriplegia

Question 95

A lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements, often resulting from damage to the cerebellum.

Answer 95

Ataxia

Question 96

Difficulty swallowing, often seen in patients with neurological conditions like stroke or Parkinson's disease.

Answer 96

Dysphagia

Question 97

Difficulty speaking due to weakness in the muscles used for speech, often caused by neurological conditions like stroke.

Answer 97

Dysarthria

Question 98

A neurological disorder that affects the ability to perform skilled movements despite having the desire and physical capability to do so.

Answer 98

Apraxia

Question 99

The loss of the sense of smell, which can be caused by head trauma, viral infections, or neurodegenerative diseases.

Answer 99

Anosmia

Question 100

A condition where a person loses half of their field of vision in one or both eyes, often caused by brain injury or stroke.

Answer 100

Hemianopia

Question 101

Inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss, commonly associated with multiple sclerosis.

Answer 101

Optic Neuritis

Question 102

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure, often indicating a serious brain condition.

Answer 102

Papilledema

Question 103

Abnormal, uncontrollable movements, often seen in patients with Parkinson's disease as a side effect of treatment.

Answer 103

Dyskinesia

Question 104

A neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to discomfort.

Answer 104

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)