RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
2 functions of the respiratory system
A
ventilation & diffusion
2
Q
2 divisions of the respiratory system
A
upper and lower respiratory tract
3
Q
what comprises the upper respiratory tract?
A
nose, pharynx, sinuses, mouth, larynx
4
Q
what comprises the lower respiratory tract
A
trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
5
Q
- Serves as the opening for the pulling of air
A
mouth
6
Q
- Tube that delivers air from the mouth going to the trachea
A
pharynx
7
Q
3 types of pharynx
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
8
Q
among the 3 types of pharynx which is most superior \?
A
nasopharynx
9
Q
pharynx that is located to posteriorly to the mouth
A
oropharynx
10
Q
where is the laryngopharynx located?
A
inferior to oropharynx
11
Q
- Located inferior to the pharynx
A
larynx
12
Q
- a hollow area between the facial bone that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air
A
sinuses
13
Q
what are the different types of sinuses
A
frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, spenoid
14
Q
which sinus is the most superior?
A
frontal
15
Q
which sinuses are the biggest & smallest?
A
b - maxillary, s - ethmoid
16
Q
which sinus is the most posterior?
A
spenoid
17
Q
- passage that connects the throat and the lungs
A
trachea
18
Q
where is the trachea located?
A
behind the esophagus
19
Q
what are alveoli?
A
tiny-air sacs that look like grapes
20
Q
- contains almost 5,000,000 alveolus
A
lungs
21
Q
what are the lobes of the lungs?
A
r - superior, middle, inferior
l - superior & inferior
22
Q
what do you call the division of lungs?
A
fissures
23
Q
- Contains all thoracic organs except lungs
A
mediastinum
24
Q
which organ occupies most of the mediastinum?
A
heart
25
what are the other organs located in the mediastinum?
thyroid, thymus glands, nervous and lymphatic tissues
26
parts of mediastinum
1. Anterior mediastinal masses
2. Middle mediastinal masses
3. Posterior mediastinal masses
27
* In infants, _______ appears WIDE because the _____ is normally large in a healthy infant
thymus
28
what projection/s fills the anterior portion of the mediastinum?
PA & LAT
29
* PA & LAT fills the anterior portion of the mediastinum w/c refers to as _____
SAIL SIGN
30
another name for pneumomediastinum
spinnaker sign or angel wing sign
31
another name for spinnaker sign or angel wing sign
pneumomediastinum
32
a kind of condition wherein there's there’s disruption in the esophagus/airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum
* MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA or pneumomediastinum
33
when pneumomediastinum is extensive, air may pass from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissue of the chest/neck
subcutaneous emphysema
34
how can a diagnosis of subcutaneous emphysema be made?
feeling air bubbles in skin of the chest/neck
35
what kind of imaging is commonly used especially in pediatrics
CR & DR
36
harder than normal to penetrate (any condition that adds fluid/tissue to the chest)
additive pathologies
37
easier than normal to penetrate (any condition that increases the aeration of the chest/ decreases the parenchymal tissue of chest)
SUBTRACTIVE PATHOLOGIES
38
what are the standard techniques for the respiratory system
PA & LAT 72 in SID
39
what is pectus excavatum
depressed chest that can be due to a congenital anomaly
40
what is pectus cranium
– there’s an abnormal outward of the chest.
41
* Allows high-resolution, thin-slice thicknesses ranging from 1-1.5 cm
CT SCAN
42
* Captures information regarding metabolic activity
PET SCAN
43
what is the primary agent used in lungs during a pet scan
FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE (FDG)
44
* Injection of radionuclide into the venous system for a perfusion causes it to become trapped in the pulmonary circulation
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
45
what radioactive gas is inhaled by the patient during nuclear medicine?
xenon
46
* Large plastic tube inserted through the px’s nose/mouth into the trachea.
endotracheal tube
47
* large plastic tube inserted through the chest wall between the ribs
chest tube
48
* A catheter that provides an alternative injection site to compensate for loss of peripheral infusion site
central venous pressure
49
* Inserted via the subclavian vein but other injection sites include antecubital vein, jugular vein, femoral vein
pulmonary artery catheter
50
what kind of catheter is used in pulmonary artery?
swan-ganz
51
injection sites of pulmonary artery catheter
antecubital vein, jugular vein, femoral vein
52
* Allow multiple tapping for injection of various agents, typically chemotherapeutics
port-a-cath
53
balloon at the distal end of the catheter allows inflation and deflation by a pump that is synchronized to the px’s cardiac cycle to provide mechanical support of the left ventricle
intra-aortic balloon pump
54
how many can the balloon at the intra-aortic balloon pump can hold
40 ml
55
* Used to describe lack of respiratory function/ lack of oxygen & CO2 exchange.
respiratory failure
56
what are the 2 instances respiratory failure can occur?
1. W/in the lungs (intrapulmonary gas exchange)
2. Result of impaired breathing (inability to move air into and out of the lungs)
57
what are the signs of respiratory failure
exhibit tachypnea, tachycardia/ gasping breathing patterns and paradoxic abdominal motion
58
* Low oxygen levels w/in arterial blood & results from a failure of gas exchange function
hypoxemia
59
* If hypoxemia is acute, it may cause_____
cardiac arrhythmias & alteration of consciousness ranging from confusion to coma
60
* Failure of ventilation resulting in the inability to move air into & out of the lungs, with consequent increased blood CO2 content
hypercapnia
61
* Results from genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands
cystic fibrosis
62
* Dehydration of mucous layer leads to an accumulation of viscous secretions that obstruct the airway
cystic fibrosis
63
another name for hyaline membrane disease
respiratory Distress syndrome
64
* Affects infants due to incomplete maturation of the Type II alveolar cells w/in the surfactant-producing system causing unstable alveoli
hyaline membrane disease
65
* Results in alveolar collapse w/ widespread atelectasis (complete/partial collapse of entire lobe/lung)
hyaline membrane disease
66
* Most frequent type of lung infection
pneumonia
67
main causes of pneumonia
bacteria, viruses & mycoplasms
68
bacteria that causes pneumonia
1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
2. Staphylococcus Aureus
3. Heamophiuls
4. H. influenza
5. Legionelle Pneumophilia
69
kinds of pneumonia
lobar, segmental, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia
70
best modality to diagnose pneumonia
chest radiograph
71
symptoms of pneumonia
COUGH, FEVER, SPUTUM PRODUCTION
72
* Permanent, abnormal dilation of one/ more large bronchi as a result of the destruction of the elastic & muscular components of the bronchial wall
bronchiectasis
73
what lines could be seen on a bronchiectasis radiograph?
tram lines
74
* Caused by inhalation of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
pulmonary tuberculosis
75
primary means of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis?
SPUTUM TEST/LAB CULTURE
76
aside from SPUTUM TEST/LAB CULTURE, what other test can be used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis
mantoux test - skin test
77
* Group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstructions
COPD
78
* lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference w/ expiration
emphysema
79
* chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction & bronchial hyper responsiveness
asthma
80
* infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated & inflamed.
bronchitis
81
* result in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust, most commonly from a particular work environment
pneumoconioses
82
types of pneumoconioses
silicosis, anthracosis, abestosis
83
* oldest known pneumoconiosis, results from inhaling silica (quartz) dust and is common among miners, grinders & sand-blasters
silicosis
84
* inhalation of coal dust over an extended period of about 20 yrs.
anthracosis
85
another term for anthracosis
black lung disease
86
what is asbestosis
* Inhalation of asbestos dust (found in building materials and insulation), w/c causes chronic injury to lungs
87
* Localized area of dead lung tissue by inflammatory debris
lung abscess
88
where is lung abscess more common?
right lung
89
* Pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space
epmyema
90
* Used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain
pleurisy
91
* Excess fluids that collects in the pleural cavity
* Frequent manifestation of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin
pleural effusion
92
what is hemothorax
pleural effusion containing blood
93
what is the best position to diagnose pleural effusion?
erect
94
* Usually considered benign but are included in WHO’s classification of lung cancer as they tend to invade local tissues, w/c sometimes metastasize
BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOR
95
* Tumors originating in the lung parenchyma/ w/in the bronchi
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
