Cardiovascular System

Question 0

Blood Pressure

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Answer 0

the minimum level of blood pressure measured b/w contraction of the heart; diastolic pressure for an individual may vary w/ age, gender, body weight, emotional state & other factors

Question 1

Blood Pressure

Systolic Blood Pressure

Answer 1

BP measured during the period of ventricular contraction (systolic), in BP reading, it is the higher of the 2 measurements

Question 2

1º Hypertension

Answer 2

• elevated BP w/o a known causative factor; most common
Causes:
  • genetic predisposition, obesity
  • stress, increased alcohol intake
  • diabetes, sodium & water retention

Question 3

2º Hypertension

Answer 3

• elevated BP w/ an identifiable cause
Causes:
  • renal stenosis
  • congenital heart defect (eg. coarctation of the aorta)
  • Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma
  • untreated sleep apnea
  • MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
  • stimulants (eg. cocaine, methamphetamines)
  • PIH (pregnancy induced hypertension)

Question 4

Hypertension : Signs & Symptoms

Answer 4

• often called the “silent killer” b/c no initial Sx usually occurs
• chronic fatigue
• HA
• dizziness
• dyspnea at rest / w/ physical exertion
• chest pain & palpitations

Question 5

Cholesterol

< 200 mg/dL (< 5.2 mmol/L)

Answer 5

desirable level corresponding to lower risk for heart disease

Question 6

Cholesterol

200-239 mg/dL (5.2-6.2 mmol/L)

Answer 6

borderline high risk

Question 7

Cholesterol

> 240 (> 6.2)

Answer 7

high risk

Question 8

Triglycerides

< 150 mg/dL (< 1.69 mmol/L)

Answer 8

normal range, lowest risk

Question 9

Triglycerides

150-199 mg/dL (1.70-2.25 mmol/L)

Answer 9

borderline high

Question 10

Triglycerides

200-498 mg/dL (2.25-5.63 mmol/L)

Answer 10

High risk

Question 11

Triglycerides

> 500 mg/dL (> 5.65 mmol/L)

Answer 11

very high, increased risk

Question 12

HDL

< 40 mg/dL (< 1.03 mmol/L)

Answer 12

low HDL cholesterol, heightened risk for heart disease, < 50 is value for women

Question 13

HDL

40-59 mg/dL (1.03-1.52 mmol/L)

Answer 13

medium HDL level

Question 14

HDL

> 60 mg/dL (> 1.55 mmol/L)

Answer 14

high HDL level, optimal condition considered protective against heart disease

Question 15

LDL

< 100 mg/dL (< 2.6 mmol/L)

Answer 15

optimal LDL cholesterol, corresponding to reduced, but not zero, risk for heart disease

Question 16

LDL

100-129 mg/dL (2.6-3.3 mmol/L)

Answer 16

near optimal LDL level

Question 17

LDL

130-159 mg/dL (3.3-4.1 mmol/L)

Answer 17

borderline high LDL level

Question 18

LDL

160-189 mg/dL (4.1-4.9 mmol/L)

Answer 18

high LDL level

Question 19

LDL

> 190 mg/dL (> 4.9 mmol/L)

Answer 19

very high LDL level, corresponding to highest increased risk of heart disease