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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Arterioles

A

Are the smallest branches of arteries

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3
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

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4
Q

Venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Small, thin-walled vessels between smallest arteries and veins

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6
Q

Vascular pathway of Blood flow

A

Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins

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7
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system

A

1) Transport. Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues. Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues
2) Protection. Carries cells and chemicals of immune system
3) Regulation. Homeostatis

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8
Q

Location of the heart

A

Thorax, behind the sternum, behind the lungs in the inferior mediastinum, a space between the two pleural cavities.

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9
Q

Orientation of the heart

A

Pointed apex directed toward left hip

Base points toward right shoulder

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10
Q

Covering and walls of the heart

A

Pericardium which is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart.

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity has two parts

  1. Parietal pericardium
    : outer layer, lines surface of the pericardial cavity
  2. Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) : inner layer, covers the heart
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11
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

outer layer, lines the surface of the pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

A

inner layer, covers the heart

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13
Q

What fills the space between the layers of pericardium?

A

Pericardial fluid

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14
Q

inner layer, covers the heart

A

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

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15
Q

outer layer, lines the surface of the pericardial cavity

A

Parietal pericardium

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16
Q

Space between the layers of pericardium

A

Pericardial fluid

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17
Q

Three layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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18
Q

Epicardium

A

Outside layer made of connective tissue

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer. It mostly contains cardiac muscle

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20
Q

Endocardium / Endothelium

A

Inner layer known as endothelium

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21
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

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22
Q

Name of part that separates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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23
Q

Name of part that separates the two atria

A

Interatrial septum

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24
Q

Difference between right ventricle and left ventricle

A 
Right ventricle- 
thinner myocardium/ wall
Lower pressure system 
Pump blood only to lungs 
Left ventricle - 
Very thick myocardium/ wall
Produces 4-6 times as much pressure than right 
Pumps blood to aorta and then to the whole body
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25
Name the part of the hearts
.
26
Functions of heart valves
To prevent backflow of blood.
27
Atrioventricular valves
Between atria and ventricles 1. Bicuspid valve/ mitral valve (left side of the heart) 2. Triscupid valve (right of the side of the heart) Open during heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction.
28
Bicuspid valve / mitral valve
Left side of the heart
29
Tricuspid valve
right side of the heart
30
Atrioventricular valves are anchored in place by
chordae tendineae
31
Semilunar valves
Between ventricle and artery 1. pulmonary semilunar valve 2. Aortic semilunar valve Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction.
32
Four Heart valves
1. Biscupid/Mitral valve 2. Tricuspid valve 3. Pulmonary semilunar valve 4. Aortic semilunar valve
33
How do the first heart sound "lubb" arrives?
Due to the AV valves closing
34
What causes the Second heart sound "dubb"
due to the semilunar valves closing
35
How does the third and fourth heart sounds arrive?
Due to the atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles
36
Difference between pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the lungs and the heart while Systematic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
37
Describe what happens during pulmonary circulation
From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs. In the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2 Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins
38
Describe what happens during systematic circulation
Oxygen-rich blood returns to heart through the four pulmonary veins Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta. Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through the capillary walls Deoxygenated blood will travel via the superior and inferior vena cava and reach the right atrium
39
The path of blood flow
Deoxygenated blood will travel via the superior and inferior vena cava and reach the right atrium Blood enters the right atrium and travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs. In the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2 Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta. Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through the capillary walls
40
The heart had its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of :
1. Coronary arteries - branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood 2. Cardiac veins - drain the myocardium of deoygenated blood 3. Coronary sinus- a large vein on the posterior of the heart, received blood from the cardiac veins Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus.
41
Left and right coronary arteries originate at _______.
base of aorta
42
Branches of right coronary arteries
marginal and posterior interventricular arteries
43
Branches of left coronary arteries
Circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries (LAD - left anterior descending artery)
44
Anastomoses
Interconnections formed between artery. It is to provide alternate pathways for blood supply to cardiac muscle.
45
Two types of cardiac muscle cells
- Contractile cells | - Conducting system
46
How is cardiac muscle activity initiated?
Cardiac muscle activity is initiated and controlled by movements of ions across the cell membrane
47
Cardiac conduction system
Network of specialised cardiac muscle cells that initiated a stimulus to contract Once SA node starts the heartbeat. Impulse spreads to the AV node. Then the atria contract. At the AV node, the impulse passes through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fIbers Blood is ejected from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk as the ventricles contract.
48
heart's pacemaker
Sinoatrial node (SA)
49
What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
Recording of heart's electrical activities from body surface by placing electrodes.
50
P Wave
Represents atrial contraction. Impulse is generated at pacemaker SA Node
51
QRS Complex
Represents ventricular contraction
52
T WAVE
Represents ventricular relaxation
53
Systole
Contraction
54
Diastole
Relaxation
55
Contraction
Systole
56
Systole
Contraction
57
Cardiac cycle
Period between start of one heartbeat and the next
58
heart rate
Number of beats per minute
59
Sequence of contractions
Atria contract together first : atrial systole. Push blood into the ventricles. Ventricles relaxed. Ventricles contract together next : Ventricular systole. Push blood into the pulmonary and systematic circuits. Atria are relaxed.
60
Typical cardiac cycle last
800 msec
61
Atria contract together first
atrial systole
62
Ventricle contract together next
ventricular systole
63
Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
64
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side ventricle of the heart in one minute
65
HR x SV
Cardiac output (CO)
66
CO =
HR x SV
67
Factors affecting heart rate
Autonomic innervation, hormones
68
Factors affecting stroke volume
End-diastolic volume, End-systolic volume
69
Regulation of cardiovascular functions
- Blood volume reflexes and auto regulation - Hormones and ions - Physical factors - Neural controls
70
Blood volume reflexes
- Atrial reflexes | - Frank-Starling principle
71
Atrial reflexes
Adjusts HR in response to increase in venous return An autonomic sympathetic response to wall stretch
72
Venous return
flow of blood back to the heart.
73
Frank- starling principle
Increase in venous returns leads to: - Increase stretch on myocardial cells - Cells responds by contracting harder, increasing cardiac output
74
Peacemaker cells - autonomous or no?
autonomous
75
Heart has dual innervation from the autonomic nervous system which has two parts :
1. Sympathetic nervous system- releases Norepinephrine. Increases heart rate and stroke volume 2.Parasympathetic nervous system releases Acetyl Choline -> slow heart rate and stroke volume
76
Cardioacceleratory center is sympathetic or parasympathetic
symphatetic
77
Cardioinhibitory center
parasymphatetic
78
Baroreceptor reflexes
Receptor monitor degree of stretch elicited by blood pressure. Very sensitive to ensure adequate flow to and perfusion of brain
79
Receptors are located at
- aortic sinuses | - carotid sinuses
80
Neural controls consist of
Autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system Baroreceptor reflexes and chemoreceptor reflexes
81
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Receptors sensitive to changes in CO2, O2 and pH in blood and CSF and activates the cardiovascular regulatory center in mendulla oblongata
82
Where is chemoreceptor reflexes located at?
Located in carotid and aortic bodies and mendulla oblongata
83
Short-term hormones and ions
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine cause rapid increase pf cardiac output and vasoconstriction
84
Long-term hormones and ions
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin - Raise BP when low - Atrial Natriuretic peptide- lowers BP when too high
85
Systolic
Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
86
Diastolic
Pressure when ventricles relax
87
another word for High blood pressure
Hypertension
88
Hypertension can be treated with
diuretics
89
Atherosclerosis
A buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the walls of the blood vessels . Plaque narrow blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood supply to tissues Can cause clots to form in the roughened walls of arteries
90
Names of clots caused by Atherosclerosis
1. Thrombus 2. Embolus 3. Thromboembolism
91
thrombus
a clot that is stationary
92
Embolus
A clot that detaches and moves to distant sites
93
Thromboembolism
an embolus that had become lodged in a blood vessel.
94
Heart attack also known as
Myocardial Infarction
95
Heart attack is cause by
a blocked coronary artery.
96
angina pectoris
pain in the chest from a partially blocked coronary artery. It can be treated with drugs that dilate blood vessels.
97
Aneurysm
A ballooning of a blood vessel, most often the abdominal aorta or blood vessels in the brain

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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