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HumanBioSciences > Lymphatic and Immune systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Four main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
  • Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals in the small intestine absorb dietary fats and transport them to the bloodstream
  • Production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes in the body
  • Helps in defense against pathogens
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2
Q

Lymph is a milky fluid containing

A
  • White blood cells
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Occasionally bacteria and viruses
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3
Q

Lymph nodes remove____

A

microorganisms, debris and abnormal cells from lymph and cleanse the lymph

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4
Q

Nodes are composed of

A

connective tissue, macrophages and lymphocytes

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5
Q

what transport lymphs

A

lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

Nodes acts as

A

filters, cleansing the lymph as it passes through them

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7
Q

where is the spleen located

A

located in upper left abdominal cavity

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8
Q

two regions of spleen

A

red pulp

white pulp

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9
Q

red pulp

A

removes old and damaged red blood cells

temporary blood storage

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10
Q

White pulp

A

contains lymphocytes, searching pathogens

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11
Q

Disease that cause spleen enlargement

A

Infectious mononucleosis, leukemia

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12
Q

Thymus

A

Located behind the sternum, above heart

Site of maturation of T cells (T lymphocytes)

Largest and most active during childhood

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13
Q

Lymphatic organs

A
  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • peyer patches
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14
Q

Tonsils

A

Filter food and air entering the throat

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15
Q

Adenoids

A

Located at the back of the nasal passages and filters air entering the respiratory tract

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16
Q

Peyer patches

A

Found in the intestinal walls and the appendix

Fight infections that come in via the digestive tract

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17
Q

Immunity

A

killing or removing foreign substances, pathogens and cancer cells from our body

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18
Q

Two branches of our immune system:

A

innate and adaptive

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19
Q

innate

A

Fully functional without previous exposure to a pathogen

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20
Q

Adaptive

A

is initiated when exposed to a pathogen

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21
Q

Innate (nonspecific defenses) immune defenses include

A
  • physical and chemical barriers
  • the inflammatory response
  • protective proteins
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22
Q

innate defenses have no ____________.

A

recognition of a pathogen , and no memory.

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23
Q

The first line of defense

A

Skin- an effective deterrent

tears and saliva- contain lysozyme

Ear wax - entraps microorganisms

Mucus- entraps microorganisms

Stomach- highly acidic, inhibits microorganisms

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24
Q

Second line of defense

A

-Phagocytic cells : white blood cells that surround and engulf invading bacteria
neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

  • inflammation : redness, warmth , swelling
  • natural killer cells : a type of lymphocyte that attacks tumor cells and virus-infected cells
  • fever response
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25
Third line to defence
the immune response
26
characteristics of the immune response
- Recognizes and targets specific pathogens and foreign substances - Has "memory"- remembers initial exposure and responds more quickly and aggressively on subsequent exposure - Able to distinguish between "self" body cells and foreign "non-self" invaders or healthy cells and abnormal cells
27
Antigen
Any substance that triggers an immune response
28
Two pathways of adaptive immunity :
Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated
29
T lymphocytes
Cell-mediated
30
What T lymphocytes do?
Directly attack on specific foreign cells Coordinate the immune response Active against parasites, viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells
31
B lymphocytes
Antibody-mediated immunity
32
In antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity) , ________
B cells produce antibodies that bind to free antigens in body fluids and neutralize specific antigens
33
B cells are activate when they recognise
an antigen
34
B cells can be divided into two cell types which are
memory cells and plasma cells
35
memory cells
store information for future immune responses
36
plasma cells
actively secrete antibodies, which will bind to antigen
37
Antibodies also known as
Immunoglobulins
38
Classes of antibodies
``` IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE ```
39
IgG
most prevalent in the blood
40
IgM
first antibody produced in an immune response
41
IgA
found in body secretions, including breast milk
42
IgD
function is unclear
43
IgE
plays a key role in allergic responses
44
T cells : Cell mediated immunity originate from ______
stem cells in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus
45
Types of T cells
Helper T-cells Cytotoxic T-cells Memory T-cells
46
Helper T cells
Secrete cytokines, which stimulate other immune system cells Play a key role in directing the immune response Are targets of HIV infection
47
Cytotoxic T cells
Directly attack and destroy abnormal cells and foreign cells
48
Memory T cells
Reactivate during later exposures
49
types of immune memory
primary immune response | Secondary immune response
50
Primary immune response occurs
on first exposure to antigen
51
Characteristics of primary immune response
Lag time of 3-6 days of antibody production peal at 10-12 days
52
Secondary immune response occurs
on second and subsequent exposure to antigen
53
Characteristics of secondary immune response
- Lag time in hours - Peak in days - Much more antibody produced
54
Active immunization
Intentionally expose individual to form of the antigen that doesn't produce disease also known as vaccination
55
Passive immunization
Administer protective antibodies to an individual
56
Tissue rejection
May occur following or organ transplant if recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted tissue
57
Immunosuppressive drugs
prevent patient's immune system from attacking transplanted tissue
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allergen
any substances that causes an allergic reaction (not a pathogen by the body reacts as though it is a pathogen)
59
Examples of allergens
Pollen Bee Venom Foods Oil from poision ivy plan
60
Excessive inflammatory response mediated by
- IgE - Basophils and mast cells - histamine
61
localized
affect only the area exposed
62
systemic
affect several organ systems
63
Anaphylactic shock
severe life-threatening systemic reaction (difficulty breathing, circulatory collapse)
64
Autoimmune disorders
- Inability of immune sytem to distinguish "self" from "non-self" - Autoantibodies and cytotoxic T cells target the body's own tissues
65
Examples of Autoimmune disorders
Lupus eythematosis | Rheumatiod arthritis
66
Immune deficiency: The special case of AIDS
AIDS: acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome caused by infection with HIV HIV targets helper T cells HIV attaches to CD4 receptors of T helper cell, and gains entry to the cell

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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