Respiratory system Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the respiratory system
A
- Aids in sense of smell in nasal cavity
- Produces sounds for speaking, singing and other forms of communication
- Moves air along respiratory passageways to and form gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs
- Provides large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
- Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and pathogens
2
Q
Upper respiratory system
A
- nose
- nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
3
Q
Lower respiratory system
A
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs (bronchioles and alveoli)
4
Q
Respiratory defense system
A
Nasal cavity
mucous cells and mucous glands
cilia
5
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Nasal hairs , at the opening of the nostrils trap large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled
6
Q
Mucous cells and mucous glands
A
Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
7
Q
cilia
A
sweep mucus and trapped debris and microorganisms toward pharynx to be swallowed to acids in stomach or coughed out
8
Q
Mucociliary escalator
A
Flow of mucus/ trapped debris
sticky mucus produced by mucous cell and mucous glands
trap debris particles
Moved by beating cilia
9
Q
where is the debris on the mucociliary swept to ?
A
towards pharynx and swallowed to acids in stomach or coughed out
10
Q
Alveolar macrophages
A
Engulf small particles that reach lungs
11
Q
Air enters the nose through the ______
A
nares
12
Q
Olfactory tract
A
Detect the sense of the smell and convey it to the brain
13
Q
The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with ______
A
respiratory mucosa
14
Q
respiratory mucosa
A
moistens air and traps incoming foreign particles
15
Q
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called ______
A
sinuses
16
Q
Functions of the sinuses
A
- lighten the skull
- act as resonance chambers for speech
- produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
17
Q
Pharynx
A
throat
18
Q
throat
A
pharynx
19
Q
three regions of the pharynx
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
20
Q
Where are the tonsils located in
A
pharynx
21
Q
Larynx
A
voice box
22
Q
function of larynx
A
helps to route the air and food into proper channels
plays a role in speech
23
Q
Larynx is made of
A
eight rigid cartilages, epiglottis
24
Q
Epiglottis
A
Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
25
Larynx
houses the vocal cords- mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments
26
The slit between the vocal cords is called
glottis
27
When air passes through the _______, the vocal cords______, producing sound
glottis, vibrate
28
The ______ the tension in the vocal cords, the _____ the pitch
greater, higher
29
Trachea
windpipe
30
Trachea is lined with
ciliated mucosa
31
Ciliated mucosa in the trachea
Cilia beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
32
Walls of the trachea are reinforced with _________ which keeps it ______
C-shaped hyaline, patent
33
Tranchea branches into two bronchi
right main bronchus , left main bronchus
34
Right main bronchus
Creates more likely pathway for foreign objects
-> wider, shorter and at a steeper angle than the left bronchi
35
number of right lung lobes
3
36
number of left lung lobes
2
37
Each lung is divided into lobes by ______
fissures
38
The walls of the sac and the capillaries are both made of
simple squamous epithelium
39
Gas exchange occurs
between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
40
Gas exhange occurs in the lungs: Oxygen diffuses across the _________ and enters the ________, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the ______ into the _______
alveolar wall , bloodstream, blood alveoli
41
Alveoli are lined with ______, a film of _______ that lowers the _________ and prevents __________.
surfactant , lipoprotein, surface tension of water, the alveoli from closing
42
Main cell of alveoli
pneumocytes Type 1
43
Function of alveolar macrophages
patrol epithelium, phagocytizing particles in alveoli
44
structure of type 1 pneumocytes
unsually thin, simple squamous epithelium
45
function of pneumocytes type 2
produce surfactant, a liquid that helps to keep alveoli open by reducing surface tension
46
Respiratory membrane are formed
by alveolar and capillary walls
47
site of gas exchange
respiratory membrane
48
Layers of respiratory membrane
- Alveolar cell layer
- Capillary endothelium
- Fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial cells
49
alveolar cell layer
squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli
50
What covers the outer surface of the lungs
Serosa
51
Serosa layers
- (inner layer) pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
- parietal pleura (outer layer) lines the walls of the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
52
What pleural fluid does?
It fills the area of the pleura to allow gliding and decrease friction during breathing
53
Space between the layers
pleural space
54
Main purpose of respiration
to provide oxygen to the cells at a rate adequate to satisfy their metabolic needs
55
Pulmonary ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs
56
External respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
57
Gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
58
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systematic capillaries
59
Four events of respiration
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Gas transport
- Internal respiration
60
Pulmonary ventilation is a _______ process that depends on __________ in the __________
mechanical, volume changes, thoracic cavity
61
Volume changes lead to
| ___________ , which lead to ____________.
pressure changes, the flow of gases to equalize pressure
62
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration , expiration
63
inspiration
inhalation, flow of air into lungs
64
expiration
exhalation, air leaving lungs
65
Primary respiratory muscles
the diaphragm
| external intercostals
66
Accessory respiratory muscles
The sternocleidomastoid,
the pectoralis major,
the trapezius
67
when is assessory respiratory muscles activated
when respiration increases significantly
68
What happens when Inspiration occurs
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
the size of the thoracic cavity increases
external air is pulled into the lungs as a result of increase in intrapulmonary volume and decrease in gas pressure
air is sucked into the lungs
69
What happens when expiration occurs
largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
As muscle relax, air is pushed out of the lungs as a result of decrease in intrapulmonary volume and increase in gas pressure
forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
70
Normal breathing moves about _____ml of air with each breath
500 ml
71
respiratory volume is
tidal volume
72
What factors affect respiratory capacity
- age
- sex
- a person's size
- physical condition
73
Volumes during ventilation
tidal volume
vital capacity
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
74
tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in and out with each normal breath
75
Vital capacity
the maximum volume that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during each breath
76
Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
the increased volume of air moving in or out of the body with forced inspiration and expiration
77
Vital capacity is the sum
of tidal + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve volumes
78
Residual volume
the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation
79
Nonrespiratory air movements can be caused by
reflexes or voluntary actions
80
Examples of nonrespiratory air movements
```
cough and sneeze
crying
laughing
hiccup
yawn
```
81
Sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope
1. bronchial sounds - produced by air rushing through lung passageways such as trachea and bronchi
2. Vesicular breathing sounds
82
Bronchial sounds is produced
produced by air rushing through lung passageways such as trachea and bronchi
83
Vesicular breathing sounds
soft sounds of air filling alveoli
84
what happens during external respiration
- Air in the lungs has high PO2 and low PCO2
- Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has low PO2 and high PCO2
- Concentration gradient causes O2 to enter blood and CO2 to leave blood
85
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion
a small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites from those of oxygen
86
Oxygen transport in blood
Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin
A small dissolved amount is carried in the plasma
87
What happens during internal respiration
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (loading)
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissues (unloading)
88
Breathing is controlled by the _______ and by _______
nervous system , certain chemicals
89
Neural centers (nervous control of breathing)
control rate and depth are located in the mendulla oblongata and pons - in the brain stem
90
where are the neural centers located at
mendulla oblongata and pons in the brain stem
91
How inspiration occurs
respiratory control center in the brain automatically send out nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage, causing inspiration to occur.
92
Chemoreceptors
Sensory receptors that are sensitive to the chemical composition of fluids
93
Two sets of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH can cause breathing to ________
speed up
94
Two sets of chemoreceptors are
mendulla oblongata of the brain stem
carotid bodies of the carotid arteries and aortic bodies of the aorta
95
Process of removal of CO2 from the blood
Production of CO2 during cell respiration
Formation of acid and decreased pH
Activation of chemoreceptors
Respiratory center increases the rate and depth of breathing
Remove CO2 from the blood
