Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Ingestion occurs
A
when food enters oral cavity
2
Q
Digestion and propulsion
A
Breaking food into nutrient molecules
Propelling food along digestive tract
3
Q
Absorption
A
Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
4
Q
Defecation
A
Elimination of indigestible waste
5
Q
three subdivision of the pharynx
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
6
Q
esophagus conducts food by
A
peristalsis to the stomach
7
Q
espohagus is located _________ to the trachea
A
posterior
8
Q
the stomach is a c-shaped organ located on the _______ side of the abdominal cavity
A
left
9
Q
food enters at the ______________ from the esophagus
A
cardioesophageal sphincter
10
Q
food empties into the small intestine at the ________
A
pyloric sphincter valve
11
Q
internal fold of the mucosa present of the stomach
A
rugae
12
Q
gastric glands secrete ____________, including _________, which is needed for _________ absorption in the small intestine
A
gastric juice, intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine
13
Q
Parietal cells produce
A
hydrochloric acid
14
Q
Functions of the stomach
A
- temporary storage tank for food
- mechanical digestion
- chemical breakdown of protein
- delivers chyme to the small intestine
- production of intrinsic factor
15
Q
stomach delivers _____ to the small intestine
A
chyme
16
Q
small intestine parts
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
17
Q
the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join the ________ via and opening called as __________
A
duodenum, hepatopancreatic ampulla
18
Q
Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the ______
A
Pancreatic ducts, duodenum
19
Q
_______ carries bile, formed by the _____
A
Bile duct , liver
20
Q
fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa
A
villi
21
Q
tiny projections of the plasma membrane
A
microvilli
22
Q
_________ produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces.
A
Goblet cells, lubricate
23
Q
masticate
A
chew
24
Q
Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretions into the mouth
A
- parotid glands
- sublingual glands
- submandibular glands
25
function of saliva
helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called a bolus
26
saliva contains ________ to begin ________
salivary amylase, starch digestion
27
chemical digestion in the small intestine relies on the _________ and _______
liver and pancreas.
28
liver located on the ______ side of the body under the __________
right, diaphragm
29
liver connected to the gallbladder via
hepatic duct
30
bile is produced by
cells in the liver
31
bile leaves the liver through _________ and enter the _______ through the _________
common hepatic duct, duodenum, bile duct
32
Function of bile
emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat gobules into smaller ones
33
What are gallstones
gallstones are crystallized cholesterol, which can cause blockages
34
When no digestion is occuring, bile backs up the ________ for storage in the gallbladder.
cystic duct
35
the pancreas lies ________ in the retroperitoneum behind the _______.
transversely, stomach
36
function of pancreas
produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food . It secretes enzyme into the duodenum
37
Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes from the pancreas ______________
neutralizes acid chyme coming from the stomach
38
is pancreatic fluid alkaline or acidic?
alkaline
39
hormones produced by the pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon
40
Ingestion
placing of food into the mouth
41
propulsion
movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another
42
Peristalsis
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract
43
Segmentation
movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine
44
Examples of mechanical breakdown
mixing of food in the mouth by tongue
churning of food in the stomach
segmentation in the small intestine
45
Mechanical digestion prepares food for _________
further degradation by enzymes
46
type of food breakdown
1) mechanical breakdown
| 2) digestion
47
Digestion occurs when enzymes
chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks
48
carbohydrates are broken to
monosaccharides
49
proteins are broken to
amino acids
50
fats are broken to
fatty acids and glycerol
51
digestion of carbohydrates happens in the
mouth and small intestine
52
enzymes and source that digest carbohydrates
- salivary amylase
| - pancreatic amylase
53
describe what happens during absorption of carbohydrates
The monosaccharides , glucose , galactose and fructose enter the capillary blood blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
54
Examples of brush border enzymes in small intestine
glucoamylase, lactase, maltase, and sucrase
55
diGESTION of proteins happens in the
stomach, small intestine
56
enzymes and sources that digest proteins
- pepsin (stomach galnds ) in the presence of HCL
- pancreatic enxymes (trypsin, carboxypeptidase)
- brush border enzymes (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase)
57
Describe what happens during absorption of proteins
amino acids enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
58
Digestion of fats occurs in the
small intestine
59
enzymes and source that digest fats
- emulsified by the detergent action of bile salts from the liver
- pancreatic lipase
60
describe what happens during absorption of fats
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systematic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct.
Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
61
End products of digestion are absorbed in the ________ or______
blood, lymph
62
food must enter ______ cells and then into _____ or __________
mucosal, blood or lymph capillaries
63
Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces
64
Describe activites occuring in the mouth
- Food ingestion and breakdown happens in the mouth.
- When foods are placed into the mouth, it is physically broken down by chewing.
- When the food is mixed with saliva, which is released in response to mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli
- salivary amylase begins starch digestion
- no food absorption occurs in the mouth
65
Activities occuring in the pharynx
-swallowing and food propulsion
66
function of pharynx
pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition)
67
functions of esophagus
serves as passageways to the stomach
68
___________________ causes the release of the hormone gastrin
Presence of food or rising pH
69
Gastric juice is regulated by
neural and hormonal factor
70
Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce
protein-digesting enzymes
mucus
HCL
71
The acidic pH activates ______ to ______ for protein digestion
pepsinogen to pepsin
72
acidic pH provides a _________ _______________ for microorganism
hostile environment
73
protein digestive enzymes in the stomach
- pepsin- an active protein-digesting enzyme
| - rennin - works on digesting milk protein in infants
74
Describe what happens in the stomach
Food breakdown occurs in the stomach.
Gastric juice is regulated by neural and hormonal factors
Presence of food or rising pH causes the release of the hormone gastrin
Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes, mucus and hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acids make the stomach contents very acidic which activates pepsinogen for protein digestion and provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
Enzymes such as pepsin and rennin will digest proteins
Alcohol and aspirin are virtually the only items absorbed in the stomach
Waves of peristalsis occur from the fundus to the pylorus, forcing food past the pyloric sphincter
The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine
Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing content back into the stomach.
75
Hydrochloric acid makes the stomach contents very acidic which
- activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
| - provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
76
Peristalsis
Waves of peristalsis occur from the fundus to the pylorus, forcing food past the pyloric sphincter
77
Grinding
The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine
78
Retropulsion
Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing content back into the stomach.
79
Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to
break double sugars into simple sugars
complete some protein digestion
80
Alkaline content in the small intestine ______________________________.
neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate
81
Describe what happens in the small intestine
- Intestinal enzymes from brush border function to break double sugars into simple sugars. Complete some protein digestion.
- Intestinal enzymes and pancreatic enzymes help to complete digestion of all food groups
- Pancreatic enzymes play the major role in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
- Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate
- Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine
- Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes
- Lipids are absorbed by diffusion
- Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph
82
Are there any digestive enzymes produced in the large intestine ?
no
83
Predict the effect on digestion if the pancreas is unable to make and release pancreatic juices ?
Pancreatic juices are rich in both enzymes and bicarbonate. Without the enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, starch digestion will be incomplete, about half of protein digestion will not occur, all of fat digestion will cease, and nucleic acid digestion will not occur. Bircarbonate-rich pancreatic juice helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. Without the alkaline environment in the small intestine, enzymatic activity would not occur.
