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anatomy & physiology > cardiovascular system - anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

cardiovascular system - anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

amphibians

A

3-chambered heart
-both atria expel blood into single ventricle
-oxy.blood and deoxy.blood mixed together
-cold blooded

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2
Q

reptiles

A

3-chambered heart (septated)
-partially separated ventricle
-still some mixing between oxy.blood and deoxy.blood

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3
Q

birds + mammals

A

4-chambered heart
-separate heart pumps
-left side = oxy.blood (under HIGH pressure = higher metabolic rate)
-right side = deoxy.blood (under lower pressure = facilitates good gaseous exchange, esp. in lungs)

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4
Q

human circulation

A

two-sided pump
-left: blood pumped at high pressure to body (systemic circulation)
-right: deoxy.blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

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5
Q

position of the heart (in thoracic cavity)

A

-sits central/middle
-lung on either side
-surrounding heart is the pericardial sac

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6
Q

importance of pericardial sac

A

-filled with pericardial fluid which prevents heart from being compressed
-allows freedom of movement (heart able to freely contract/relax and move)

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7
Q

pericardium protects the heart

A
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8
Q

heart has three layers

A

-endothelium
-myocardium
-epicardium

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9
Q

endothelium

A

-inner layer
-consists of chain of endothelial cells lining the heart chambers
-makes contact with blood
-forms barrier with rest of tissue

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10
Q

myocardium

A

-middle layer
-consists of myocytes
-contractile elements of the heart in this region (muscle of heart)

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11
Q

epicardium

A

-outer layer
-visceral layer of serous pericardium
-in contact with pericardial sac/structures surrounding pericardium

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12
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

-stiffest part of structure
-prevents pericardium from being overly stretched

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13
Q

typical human heart

A

-approx. length: 6 inches
-approx. mass: 300g
-approx. stroke vol.: 70ml
-approx. 38 mil beats/year

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14
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction (each beat)

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15
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood pumped out in one minute

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16
Q

how is CO calculated ?

A

CO = HR x SV

-CO: cardiac output (ml/min)
-HR: heart rate (beats/min)
-SV: stroke vol. (ml/beat)

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17
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

number of heart beats per minute

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18
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between RESTING and MAXIMAL cardiac output

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19
Q

interventricular septum

A

-separates the two ventricles
-helps blood flow in correct directions
-has role in electrical conduction
-similar thickness to L.ventricle
-tends to pump as part of L.ventricle

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20
Q

RIGHT ventricle thickness

A

-thinner wall
-blood pumped at lower pressure to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
-lower pressure so as to not damage delicate vessels in pulmonary system

21
Q

LEFT ventricle thickness

A

-thicker wall
-blood pumped at high pressure to body (systemic circulation)

22
Q

atria thickness

A

-thin
-ventricular filling is done by gravity
-therefore requiring little atrial effort

23
Q

significance of systolic pressure

A

-approx. 100 mmHg in human
-approx. 250 mmHg in giraffe
-higher systolic pressure as gravity must be overcome to pump blood to head (giraffe much taller than human)

24
Q

muscle fibre arrangement around heart

A

when contracting muscle fibres SHORTEN but also TWIST (wring) in order to empty chambers of blood

25
Q

metabolic activity of heart

A

-about 5% of all the blood that is pumped out of the heart goes to the heart
-dense supply of vessels to maintain oxygen (+nutrients) demand

26
Q

left coronary artery

A

arises from left side of aorta and splits into two branches:
-circumflex
-left anterior descending (LAD)

27
Q

right coronary artery

A

emerges from right side of aorta

28
Q

different vessels perfuse different areas of the heart, but there is overlap

A
29
Q

importance of vessel perfusion (arterial + venular) across the heart ?

A

allows protection from blockages that can occur

30
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

-bicuspid/mitral (L.atrium from L.ventricle)
-tricuspid (R.atrium from R.ventricle)
=maintains unidirectional flow

31
Q

pulmonary (pulmonic) valve

A

-right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
-when blood is pumped towards the lungs, it stays out and does not come back in

32
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrium to right ventricle

33
Q

bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

left atrium to left ventricle

34
Q

aortic valve

A

left ventricle to aorta

35
Q

valve damage

A

significantly reduces cardiac output and result in heart failure due to reducing the hearts efficiency

36
Q

what are valves made up of ?

A

fibrous connective tissue

37
Q

valve leaflets

A

connected to papillary muscles

38
Q

papillary muscles

A

contain myocytes (part of ventricular wall)

39
Q

electrical activity of the heart

A

-passes through ventricular wall and papillary muscles
-pap.muscle SHORTEN
-as they shorten, they pull down on the valve leaflets
-this stops the valve leaflets from turning inside out

40
Q

significance of valve leaflets being connected to pap.muscle

A

-are not made of actively contractile tissue
-but connected to pap.muscle (that respond to the contractile cycle)
-they are able to CONTRACT+RELAX
-valves can OPEN+CLOSE at the right time

41
Q

example of atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

-blood from atria to ventricles
-pressure develops in ventricles
-valves close
-stops blood from flowing back into atria
-allows blood to leave aorta in pulmonary artery

42
Q

example of semi-lunar (SL) valves

A

-once ventricles contract, blood goes to aorta on the left side (aortic arch)
-blood pumped INTO the aorta
-SL valves slam SHUT to prevent blood returning to ventricular chamber

43
Q

how are heart valves connected to papillary muscles ?

A

via tendinous strings (chordae tendinae)

44
Q

role of papillary muscle

A

contracts during SYSTOLE thus preventing valves from inverting

45
Q

heart sounds (S1)

A

closing of AV valves at the START of ventricular systole

46
Q

heart sounds (S2)

A

closing of the SL valves at the END of ventricular systole

47
Q

heart sounds (S3)

A

(inaudible)
blood at the opening of AV valves during diastole

48
Q

heart sounds (S4)

A

(inaudible)
atrial contraction

49
Q

heart sounds

A

-usually only S1 and S2 are audible
-if there is an issue with the heart then S3 and S4 may also be audible

anatomy & physiology (21 decks)

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