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anatomy & physiology > intro to physiology - body fluids > Flashcards

intro to physiology - body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

fluid balance

A

fluid intake and output are balanced (homeostasis can occur)

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2
Q

fluid intake

A

water intake via drinking/eating, water enters blood and mixes in with rest of water stores

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3
Q

fluid output

A

water output via kidneys, lungs, faeces, sweat, skin (not just as sweat)

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4
Q

constituents of body fluids

A

electrolytes and non-electrolytes

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5
Q

electrolytes

A

charged ions dissolved in water
-Na+
-K+
-Ca^2+
-Cl-
-proteins (colloids) negatively charged in solution

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6
Q

non-electrolytes

A

uncharged
-glucose

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7
Q

is blood a constituent of body fluid ?

A

no, blood cells do not dissolve so are not considered part of body fluid

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8
Q

Na+

A

plasma: 142 mOsmol/L
interstitial: 139 mOsmol/L
intracellular: 14 mOsmol/L

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9
Q

K+

A

plasma: 4.2 mOsmol/L
interstitial: 4.0 mOsmol/L
intracellular: 140 mOsmol/L

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10
Q

Ca^2+

A

plasma: 1.3 mOsmol/L
interstitial: 1.2 mOsmol/L
intracellular: 0 mOsmol/L

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11
Q

Cl-

A

plasma: 106 mOsmol/L
interstitial: 108 mOsmol/L
intracellular: 4 mOsmol/L

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12
Q

protein

A

plasma: 1.2 mOsmol/L
interstitial: 0.2 mOsmol/L
intracellular: 4 mOsmol/L

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13
Q

plasma and interstitial fluid values very similar

A

due to free movement

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14
Q

interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid values very different

A

due to regulated movement

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15
Q

despite different compositions, the osmolarity of intracellular and interstitial fluid is roughly the same (iso-osmotic)

A

therefore push/pull of water is balanced

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16
Q

cations (+ve)

A

-Na+
-K+
-Mg^2+

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17
Q

anions (-ve)

A

-Cl-
-HPO4^2-
-H2PO4^-
-HCO3^-
-protein

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18
Q

within fluid compartment…

A

ionic charge balance is EQUAL, despite the no. of ions differing

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19
Q

movement of substances within body fluids

A

-conc. gradients
-equilibrium
-passive transport
-active transport

20
Q

passive transport

A

-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis

21
Q

active transport

A

-Na+/K+ pump
-bulk transport

22
Q

diffusion

A

-chemical gradient: movement from high to low conc
-electrical gradient: movement from +ve to -ve charge or vice versa

23
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

balance between electrical and chemical gradients

24
Q

active transport

A

-transport of substances against conc. gradient
-requires energy in form of ATP
-specific carrier proteins

25
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

-present on all cells
-maintains unequal conc. of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane
-Na+ constantly pumped out in exchange for K+ to maintain electrical gradient across membrane
-Na+ higher outside, K+ higher inside

26
Q

importance of Na+/K+ pump

A

-cells contain lots of solutes, causing water to move into the cell by osmosis, eventually bursting the cell
-HOWEVER, this is prevented by use of the Na+/K+ pump
-energy is used to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, thus balancing the osmotic pressures
-hence, at rest, Na+ conc. is higher outside and K+ is higher inside

27
Q

primary active transport

A

DIRECT use of ATP to transport against conc. gradient
(e.g. Na+/K+ pump)

28
Q

secondary active transport

A

INDIRECT use of ATP to set up a gradient
(e.g. Na+/glucose co-transporter

29
Q

Na+/glucose co-transporter

A

-low intracellular Na+ conc. is maintained by Na+/K+ pump
-when Na+ enters the cell, it takes glucose inside with it, effectively AGAINST its conc. gradient
-important in intestines and kidneys for glucose (re)absorption

30
Q

osmosis

A

net rate of diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water conc. to low water conc.

31
Q

when does osmosis occur ?

A

if the solute is too large to cross the membrane, water moves in order to adjust the conc. of the solute

32
Q

iso-osmotic

A

equal conc. of solutes so equal push-pull of water (ICF osmolarity = ECF osmolarity)

33
Q

osmotic pressure (π)

A

the amount of pressure required to stop movement of water

34
Q

Van’t Hoff’s law

A

π = CRT
where:
C= conc. of solutes (osmoles/L)
R= molar gas constant (8.314 JK-1mol-1)
T= absolute temp. (310K at normal body temp.)

35
Q

osmolarity

A

osmolar conc. of a solution is measure in osmoles (osmolarity)

36
Q

osmolarity for non-electrolytes (e.g. glucose)

A

osmolarity (osm/L) is EQUAL to the molarity (mol/L)
-Mr of glucose = 180
-therefore, 180g glucose in 1L water gives a 1M (1mol/L) solution
-which is therefore also a 1osm/L solution

37
Q

osmolarity for electrolytes (e.g. ions)

A

osmolarity (osm/L) is the molarity MULTIPLIED by the no. of ions in solution
-1M (1mol/L) NaCL = 2 ions
-therefore, 1osm/L x 2 = 2osm/L

38
Q

tonicity

A

-describes what happens to cells placed in solution
-a measure of effective osmolarity
-dependent on both osmolarity and whether solutes can enter/exit the cell

39
Q

iso-tonic

A

same osmolarity as plasma

40
Q

major contributors to ECF osmolarity

A

Na+ and Cl- ions

41
Q

major contributor to ICF osmolarity

A

K+ ions

42
Q

major difference between plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

protein levels are LOW in ISF

43
Q

plasma proteins create…

A

colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) so that the plasma (282) has a slightly higher osmolarity than ISF (281), plasma is HYPERtonic to ISF, thus pulling water INTO plasma
(important in preventing loss of blood fluid vol.)

44
Q

HYPOtonic: conc. less than blood

A

used for dehydration (pushes water into cells)

45
Q

HYPERtonic: conc. more than blood

A

used for hyponatraemia (draws fluid into vascular compartment)

46
Q

ISOtonic: conc. most like blood

A

normal saline (0.9% NaCl), used after blood loss (expands blood vol.)

anatomy & physiology (21 decks)

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