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Nursing 2018 > Cardiovascular System and Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Blood Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What two circuits make up the cardiovascular system

A

Pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

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2
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

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3
Q

Which section of the heart receive blood from the systemic circuit

A

Right atrium

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4
Q

Which section of the heart receive blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

Left atrium

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5
Q

Which section of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

Which section of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit

A

Right ventricles

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7
Q

Atriums are involved in the … Circuit and ventricles are involved in the … Circuit

A

Systemic, pulmonary

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8
Q

Blood flow through the heart from the right atrium to the lungs

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs

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9
Q

Blood flow from the lungs into systematic circulation

A

Lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, systemic circulation

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10
Q

What is the epicardium

A

The outer cardiac layer, a layer of serous membrane continuous with the visceral pericardial layer

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11
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Muscular middle layer made of specialised layers of concentric cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Inner cardiac layer made of simple squamous cells

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13
Q

What does pericardial fluid do

A

Provides lubrication for reducing friction between opposing surfaces during each heart beat

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14
Q

What’s are intercalated discs and what are they secured and linked by

A

interconnect cardiac muscle cells, they are secured by desmosomes and linked by gap Junctions

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15
Q

Two functions of intercalated discs

A

Convey force of contraction and propagate action potential

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16
Q

Are the walls of the left or right ventricle thicker

A

Left is is three times as thick as LV generates high pressure to eject blood against gravity, systemic blood pressure, viscosity of blood and the length of the systemic circuit

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17
Q

What are the four valves

A

Pulmonary valve, aortic valve - semilunar

mitral/ bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve - atrio-ventricular

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18
Q

What’s the function of valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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19
Q

Function of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

A

Provide anchorage and strength

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20
Q

What causes the Lub Dub sound of the heart

A

Lub is the closure of both AV valve sand the Dub is the closure of both semilunar valves
Lub is systole, dub is diastole

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21
Q

What do heart murmurs indicate

A

Abnormal turbulence through the heart

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22
Q

Five factors that promote blood flow to the heart

A

Walking (leg muscles), valves in deep leg veins preventing back flow, breathing, function of the right and left hand side of the heart, viscosity of the blood

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23
Q

Where do coronary arteries supply blood to

A

The heart only

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24
Q

Where do coronary veins drain blood from

A

The heart only

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25
Where do cardiac veins drain blood into
The coronary sinus which drains blood into the right atrium -> usual blood flow through the heart
26
Two main branches of left coronary artery
Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery
27
What is plaque in the heart referred to as
Atherosclerotic plaque
28
What is a thrombus
A clot
29
First common symptom of CAD
Angina pectoris
30
What is myocardial infarction
Non reversible ischaemia where there is permanent cell death of myocardial tissue
31
Direction of heart beat
Atria then ventricles
32
What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells
Conducting and Contractile cells
33
Where does the cardiac cycle begin
Begins with action potential at the SA node
34
What does automaticity mean
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically
35
Three structures of the conducting system
Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node and the conducting cells
36
Two functions of conducting cells
Interconnect SA and AV nodes and distribute stimulus through myocardium
37
How many action potentials per minute do the SA and AV node generate
SA - 80-100 | AV - 40-60
38
What is the AV bundle
Bundle in the septum that carries impulse to left and right bundle branches and to the moderator band
39
Function of purkinje fibers
Distribute impulse through ventricles
40
Bradycardia and tachycardia
Slow heart rate and fast heart rate
41
What are ectopic pacemakers
Abnormal cells that generate a high rate of action potentials and disrupt ventricular contractions
42
3 sections of an ECG
P wave, QRS complex and T wave
43
What occurs during the P wave
Atria depolarise
44
What occurs during the QRS complex
Ventricles depolarise
45
What occurs during the T wave
Ventricles repolarise
46
What is the role of calcium ions in cardiac contractions
Produce contraction via an increase in calcium ion conc. Around myofibrils
47
Phases of the cardiac cycle from atrial systole
Atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole 1st and 2nd phase, ventricular diastole and repeat
48
What occurs during atrial systole
Atrial contraction forces small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles,
49
What occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole
Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves
50
Second phase of ventricular systole
Pressure begins to rise, once it exceed pressure in arteries the Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
51
Ventricular diastole phase
Ventricles relax and pressure drops, floods flows back against cusps of Semilunar valves forces them closed, blood flows into relaxed atria
52
How long does the cardiac cycle last at 75bpm
About 800msec
53
What happens to the phases of the cardiac cycle when heart rate increases
They shorten, especially diastole
54
Formula for cardiac output
Cardiac output = heart rate times stroke volume (mL/beat)
55
Two factors effecting heart rate
Autonomic intervention and hormones
56
How is stroke volume calculated
End-diastolic volume minus End-systolic volume
57
Two things cardiac centre monitors
Blood pressure (baroreceptors) and arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide levels (chemoreceptors)
58
What does ACh and NE do
ACh slows the heart (parasympathetic) and NE speeds heart (sympathetic)
59
What does the atrial / Bainbridge reflex do
Adjusts heart rate in response to venous return
60
Three hormones that increase heart rate
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroid hormone
61
Two factors effecting the stroke volume
Filling time and venous return
62
What is the frank-starling principle
As EDV increases, stroke volume increases
63
Three factors that effect ESV (end SYSTOLIC volume)
Preload, contractility and after load
64
What is cardiac reserve
The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
65
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium, can follow infection or MI as a result of excess pericardial fluid, fibrin or pus accumulation
66
What is cardiac tamponade
Accumulation of too much pericardial fluid
67
Features of cardiac muscle fibres
Striated, uni-nucleate, intricately branched and joined by intercalated discs
68
How are skeletal muscle fibres arranged
Parallel
69
What are intercalated discs
Porous junctions which permit sodium, potassium and calcium to diffuse from cell to cell
70
What are cardiac cells held together by
Connections called desmosomes and myofibrils anchored to intercalated disc
71
What separates the two upper chambers of the heart
Interatrial septum
72
Where does the right atrium receive blood from the body
The superior and inferior vena cava
73
Function of the coronary sinus
Empties into the right atrium and drains blood from the vessels supplying the heart
74
What is the fossa ovalis
Depression which is the remnant of the opening in the foetal heart called foramen ovale
75
Where does the left atrium recieve blood from
From the four pulmonary veins coming from the lungs
76
Whats an auricle
Pouched appendage that increases the volume of the atrium
77
Where does the right ventricle recieve blood from
The right atrium and pumps it via the pulmonary artery to the lungs
78
Why does the left ventricle have the thickest muscle walls
It must pump blood out through the aorta to the rest of the body
79
Function of heart valves
Prevent blood re-entering chamber it just left
80
List four heart valves
Tricuspid, bicuspid/ mitral, 2 semilunar
81
Where is the tricuspid valve located
Separates right atrium and right ventricle
82
Where is the bicuspid/ mitral valve located
Left atrium and left ventricle
83
Anatomy of cuspid valves
Constructed of flaps of endocardium, are anchored to the papillary muscles by chordae tendinae
84
Where are the 2 semilunar valves located
Start of the pulmonary and aortic artery
85
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and what is its purpose
Tough elastic tissue that encircles the heart valves and base of aorta and pulmonary trunk, electrically isolates ventricular cells from atrial cells
86
Blood flow through the heart to pulmonary circulation
Vena cava (S or I) into the right atrium, through tricuspid valve into right ventricle, through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk and pulmonary circulation
87
Blood flow through heart from lungs
Comes through from pulmonary veins into Left atrium, through mitral valve to left ventricle then through aortic valve into aorta and systematic circulation
88
Pathway for blood supply to the heart
Left coronary -> circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries. Right coronary -> marignal and posterior interventricular arteries
89
Main cause for CAD
Atherosclerosis (build up of fatty deposits in the arteries)
90
What is ischemia
Inadequate amount of blood to the heart muscle
91
What is angina pectoris
Chest pain due to lack of oxygen
92
What occurs if there is total occlusion of an arterial branch
Death of myocardial tissue (myocardial infarction)
93
What occurs during ventricular systole
Is contraction of ventricles, myocardium contracts and when pressure is high enough blood is pushed through semilunar valves into aorta/ pulmonary trunk
94
What occurs during ventricular diastole
Is relaxtion of ventricles, blood in aorta/ pulmonary trunk force semilunar valve shut, blood flows into atria and ventricles
95
What is a heart murmur
Some blood 'regurgiated' through mitral valve back into left atrium
96
What is the sodium and potassium balance in regards to resting membrane potential in myocardial cells
Sodium + | Potassium -90
97
3 stages of action potential in ventricular muscle cell
Rapid depolarisation, the plateau, re polarisation
98
What occurs during depolarisation in ventricular muscle cell
Caused by Na+ entry and results in closure of voltage-gated fast sodium channels (Lasts 3-5msec)
99
What occurs during Plateau in ventricular muscle cell
Caused by Ca^2+ entry and results in closure of slow calcium channels (lasts appox 175msec)
100
What occurs during repolarisation in ventricular muscle cell
Caused by K+ loss and results in closure of slow potassium channels (Lasts 75msec)
101
Formula for cardiac output
Stroke volume x Heart Rate
102
What is cardiac output
Measure of how much blood moves around the body in a given time
103
3 Main elements of blood
Platelets, Leukocytes, Erthtrocytes

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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