Module 2 - Integument

Question 1

What the the two parts of the integument

Answer 1

Cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structure

Question 2

Two components of the cutaneous membrane (skin)

Answer 2

Outer epidermis which contains superficial epithelium and the inner dermis which contains connective tissues

Question 3

What are accessory structures in the integument

Answer 3

Structures that originate in the dermis extend through the epidermis to skin surface such as hair, nails and multicellular exocrine glands

Question 4

What two others systems does the integumentary system link to and how

Answer 4

Cardiovascular system - blood vessels in the dermis

Nervous system - sensory receptors for pain touch and temp

Question 5

What is the hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer)

Answer 5

The hypodermis is the loose connective tissue below the dermis (site for hypodermic injections)

Question 6

Two layers of the dermis from the surface to deeper

Answer 6

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

Question 7

All four components of system from surface down

Answer 7

Epidermis, papillary layer and reticular layer (both in the dermis) and the hypodermis

Question 8

What two things does the skin produce

Answer 8

Melanin and keratin

Question 9

What does the skin excrete

Answer 9

Salts, water

Question 10

What does the skin protect against

Answer 10

Abrasions, water loss, bacteria and UV Radiation

Question 11

What is synthesised in the skin

Answer 11

Vitamin D3

Question 12

What is stored in the skin

Answer 12

Lipids

Question 13

The epidermis is ….

Answer 13

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

Nutrients and oxygen ….

Answer 14

diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

Question 15

What are keratinocytes

Answer 15

A type of cell in the epidermis that produces keratin

Question 16

What are melanocytes

Answer 16

Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin that is transferred to nearby keratinocytes

Question 17

What are dendrocytes

Answer 17

Macrophages in the epidermis that interact with lymphocytes to assist in the immune response

Question 18

What do Merkel cells do

Answer 18

They’re associated with a sensory nerve ending for fine touch and pressure

Question 19

Is the epidermis vascularised

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

How do nutrients in the epidermis reach epidermal cells

Answer 20

Diffusion

Question 21

What is thin skin

Answer 21

Skin that covers most of the body and consists of four layers of keratinocytes

Question 22

What is thick skin

Answer 22

Skin that covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, has five layers of keratinocytes

Question 23

List the five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin from basal Lamina to free surface (deep to surface)

Answer 23

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Question 24

What is the stratum basale attached to and by what

Answer 24

Basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

Question 25

What is the function of the stratum basale

Answer 25

Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis and forms epidermal ridges (fingerprints)

Question 26

What are the two functions of dermal papillae

Answer 26

Increase the area of basement membrane and strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

Question 27

Where are Merkel cells found

Answer 27

In hairless skin

Question 28

Where are melanocytes found

Answer 28

Scattered throughout stratum basale

Question 29

What is the stratum spinosum produced by

Answer 29

Division of stratum basale

Question 30

What is the stratum spinosum made of

Answer 30

Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

Question 31

Why is the stratum spinosum considered the "spiny layer"

Answer 31

The cells shrink until the cytoskeletons stick out

Question 32

What happens as the stratum spinosum continues to divide

Answer 32

Increases the thickness of the epithelium

Question 33

What type of cells does the stratum spinosum contain

Answer 33

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response

Question 34

What two things does the stratum granulosum produce

Answer 34

Keratin and keratohyalin

Question 35

What happens to the cells of stratum granulosum

Answer 35

Produce protein fibres, dehydrate and die creating tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

Question 36

What does the stratum lucidum do

Answer 36

Covers stratum Granulosum in thick skin only

Question 37

What is the stratum corneum

Answer 37

Exposed layer of the skin, consist of 15-30 layers of keratinised cells, is water resistant, sheds and replaced every 2 weeks

Question 38

Main function of the dermis

Answer 38

Anchors epidermal accessory structures

Question 39

Location of the dermis

Answer 39

Between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer

Question 40

What does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of

Answer 40

Areolar tissue

Question 41

what 3 things does the papillary layer of the dermis contain

Answer 41

smaller capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons

Question 42

What does the reticular layer of the dermis consist of

Answer 42

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 43

What six things does the reticular layer of the dermis contain

Answer 43

Larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibres, collagen, elastic fibres and connective tissue proper

Question 44

Two Types of fibres

Answer 44

Collagen and elastic

Question 45

What are collagen fibres

Answer 45

Very Flexible but very strong fibres (resist stretching but bend easily)

Question 46

What are elastic fibres

Answer 46

Fibres that permit stretching but then recoil to original length, they limit the flexibility of collagen fibres to prevent damage to tissue

Question 47

What is skin turgor

Answer 47

Properties of flexibility and resilience

Question 48

What are sagging and wrinkles caused by

Answer 48

Dehydration, age, hormonal changes and/or UV exposure

Question 49

What are stretch Marks caused by

Answer 49

Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to either pregnancy or weight gain

Question 50

What makes cleavage lines

Answer 50

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

Question 51

What do cleavage lines do

Answer 51

Resist force in a specific direction

Question 52

What happens if a parallel cleavage Line is cut

Answer 52

Remains shut and heals well

Question 53

What happens if there's a cut across a cleavage line

Answer 53

Pulls open and scars

Question 54

Three things nerve fibers in the skin control

Answer 54

Blood flow, gland secretions and sensory receptors

Question 55

What is and where the sensory receptor for light touch located

Answer 55

Tactile corpuscles located in the dermal papillae

Question 56

What is and where is the sensory receptor for deep pressure and vibration located

Answer 56

Lamellated corpuscles in the reticular layer

Question 57

Where are the integumentary accessory structures such as hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nails derived from

Answer 57

Embryonic epidermis

Question 58

Where isn't there hair on the body

Answer 58

Palms, soles, lips, portions of external genitalia

Question 59

2 functions of hair

Answer 59

Protects and insulates, guards openings against particles and insects,

Question 60

What is the function of the hair follicle

Answer 60

Produces non living hairs

Question 61

What is wrapped around hair follicles

Answer 61

Dense connective tissue sheath

Question 62

What surrounds the base of the hair follicle

Answer 62

Sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

Question 63

What is arrector pill and what does it do

Answer 63

An involuntary smooth muscle that causes hair to stand up and produces "goose bumps"

Question 64

What do sebaceous glands do

Answer 64

Lubricate the hair, control bacteria

Question 65

What does sebum contain and what's its function

Answer 65

Contains lipids, lubricates and protects the epidermis and inhibits bacteria

Question 66

List two types of sweat glands

Answer 66

Apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands (watery secretions)

Question 67

Where are apocrine sweat glands found

Answer 67

Armpits, around nipples and groin

Question 68

What are apocrine sweat glands surrounded by

Answer 68

Myoepithelial cells

Question 69

Where are merocrine sweat glands

Answer 69

Widely distributed on body surface, especially on palms and soles

Question 70

Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity

Answer 70

Cools skin, excretes water and electrolytes and flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

Question 71

Function of mammary glands

Answer 71

Produce milks

Question 72

Ceremonious glands

Answer 72

Cerumen (ear wax), protects the eardrum

Question 73

What controls the sebaceous and aporcrine sweat glands

Answer 73

Autonomic nervous system

Question 74

How are merocrine sweat glands controlled

Answer 74

Independently

Question 75

What is the main function of sensible perspiration

Answer 75

Thermoregulation

Question 76

Functions of nails

Answer 76

Protects fingers and toes

Question 77

What are nails made of

Answer 77

Dead cells packed with keratin

Question 78

What can change nail structure

Answer 78

Metabolic disorders

Question 79

Where does nail production occur

Answer 79

In a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root

Question 80

Effect of aging on skin

Answer 80

Epidermal thinning, decreased number of dendritic cells, decreased Vitamin D3 production, decreased melanocyte activity, decreased glandular activity