Module 1 Flashcards by Emily McGrath

What are the two mechanisms of regulation

Auto Regulation (intrinsic)

Extrinsic regulation

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What’s auto regulation

Automatic response to an environmental change to a cell tissue or organ

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What’s extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

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What do the receptor, control centre and effector do (homeostasis)

Receptor - receives stimulus
Control centre - processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector - carries out instructions

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What is negative feedback

Where the response of the effector lessens the effect of the stimulus

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How does negative feedback control body temp

Receptors in skin and hypothalamus detect change, informs thermoregulatory centre in brain (control centre) which causes sweat glands to increase secretion and blood vessels to dilate (effector)

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What is positive feedback

The response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus (used to speed up processes)

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Example of positive feedback

Blood clotting

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What is dynamic equilibrium

Body is continually adapting to maintain homeostasis

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Functions of the respiratory system

Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes CO2 from blood, produces sound for communicaton

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What does superficial anatomy mean

Anatomy on or near the surfaces

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Anatomical position?

Hands at sides, palms forward

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Supine define

Lying down face up

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Prone define

Lying down face down

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What does cranial mean

Towards the skull

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What does caudal mean

Towards the base

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What does anterior / ventral Mean

Front

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What does posterior / dorsal mean

To the back

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What does lateral mean

Anything away from the midline of the person

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What does medial mean

Towards the middle

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What does distal mean

Away from the centre of the body I.e the finger tips are distal to the shoulder

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What does proximal mean

Towards the centre of the body

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Plane define

A three dimensional axis

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Section define

A slice parallel to a plane

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What does frontal plane

Separation of the body where the back and front is separated

What does saggital plane mean

Separation where right and left side are seperated

What does transverse plane mean

Top and bottom are separated

List the two main sections of cavities in the ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

What two cavities make up the thoracic cavity

The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity

What three sections make up the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Diaphragm

What's the function of body cavities

Protect organs, permit changes in size and shape of organs

What is between the right and left pleural cavities and what does it contain

The mediastinum, contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels and the pericardial cavity

What does the pericardial cavity surround

The heart

What do the left and right pleural cavities surround

Left and right lung

Where does the peritoneal cavity extend to

Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity

Superior define

Top

Inferior define

Bottom

What does the abdominal cavity contain

Many digestive glands and organs

What does the pelvic cavity contain

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract

How many abdominopelvic regions are there

Nine

What are the side regions from top to bottom (has two of each, left and right) of the abdominopelvic region

Hypochondriac region, lumbar region, inguinal region

What are the three middle regions of the abdominopelvic region from top to bottom

Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region

List the four abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What's the axillary

Armpit

What's the brachial

Arm

What's the antecubital

Front of elbow

What's the mental

Chin

What's the cephalic

Head

What's the cranial

Skull

What's the frontal

Forehead

What's the ocular or orbital

Eye

What's the otic

Ear

What's the buccal

Cheek

What's the cervical

Neck

What's the thoracic or thorax

Chest

What's the mammary

Breast

What's the umbilical or navel

Belly button

What's the trunk

Torso

What's the antebrachial

Forearm

What's the carpal

Wrist

What's the palmar

Palm

What's the pollex and digits

Thumb and fingers

What's the manual

Hand

What's the patellar

Kneecap

What's the crural

Leg

What's the tarsal

Ankle

What's the hallux and digits

Big toe and toes

What's the pedal

Foot

What's the femoral

Thigh

What's the inguinal

Groin

What's the acromial

Shoulder

What's the dorsal

Back

What's the olecranal

Back of elbow

What's the lumbar

Loin

What's the gluteal

Buttock

What's the popliteal

Back of knee

What's the Sural

Calf

What's the calcaneal

Heel of foot

What's the plantar

Sole of foot

Major organs of the integumentary system

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

Functions of integumentary system

Protection against enviromental hazards, regulate body temp, provides sensory information

Major organs in the skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Functions of the skeletal system

Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

Functions of the muscular system

Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates hear that maintains body temp

Major organs of the nervous system

Brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Functions of the nervous system

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderate activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

Organs of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

Functions of endocrine system

Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development

Major organs of cardiovascular system

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Function of cardiovascular system

Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temp

Major organs in the lymphatic system

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Functions of lymphatic

Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Major organs in the digestive system in order of digestion ish

Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas

Functions of the digestive system

Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

Major organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions of urinary system

Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion conc and pH

Main organs of the male reproductive system

Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis and scrotum

Functions of male reproductive system

Produces make sex cells, suspending fluids and hormones, sexual intercourse,

Organs of the female reproductive system

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

Functions of female reproductive system

Produces female sex cells and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish new born infant, sexual intercourse

What do serous membranes do

Line body cavities and cover organs

What are the two layers of serous membrane and what do they line

Parietal layer - lines cavity | Visceral layer - covers organ

What does the upper portion of the mediastinum contain

Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and thymus

What does the lower portion of the mediastinum contain

Pericardial cavity (heart)

What is the retroperitoneal space

Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall

What does the retroperitoneal space contain

Pancreas, kidneys, ureters and parts of the digestive tract

Module 1 Flashcards

(107 cards)