Module 4 - Fluids & pH

Question 1

What are isotopes

Answer 1

Version of a element that is dependent on its mass number

Question 2

Mass number =

Answer 2

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Question 3

How do polar water molecules keep ions and small polar molecules in solution

Answer 3

They form hydration spheres

Question 4

What are electrolytes

Answer 4

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Question 5

What’s a colloid

Answer 5

Solution of very large organic molecules eg blood plasma

Question 6

Where does the exchange amoung subdivisions of extra cellular fluid occur

Answer 6

Primarily across endothelial lining of capillaries

Question 7

The body composition from most to least in Kg

Answer 7

Proteins, lipids, minerals, carbohydrates, miscellaneous

Question 8

What’s the difference between the osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF

Answer 8

They’re identical due to osmosis

Question 9

Do homeostatic mechanisms response to changes in the ECF or ICF

Answer 9

ECF

Question 10

Three hormones effecting fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 10

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides

Question 11

What two things does antidiuretic hormone stimulate

Answer 11

Water conservation in the kidneys and thirst

Question 12

What causes antidiuretic hormone production

Answer 12

When osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus pick up a change in osmotic concentration in the ECF, then neurons secrete ADH

Question 13

Where in the hypothalamus is antidiuretic hormone released

Answer 13

Axons of neurons in anterior hypothalamus near fenestrated capillaries during neurohypophysis

Question 14

What does the rate of release of antidiuretic hormone depend on

Answer 14

Osmotic concentration, higher concentration = increased release

Question 15

What happens to plasma volume and electrolyte concentration when the body loses water

Answer 15

Plasma volume decreases, electrolyte concentration rises

Question 16

What happens when water is lost but electrolytes remain

Answer 16

ECF osmotic concentration rises and water moves from the ICF to ECF

Question 17

What are the results of severe water loss

Answer 17

Excessive sweating, inadequate water consumption, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 18

What are two physiologic mechanisms to water loss

Answer 18

ADH and Renin secretion

Question 19

If ECF volumes rises, blood volume goes ….

Answer 19

Up

Question 20

If ECF volume drops, blood volume …

Answer 20

Goes down

Question 21

What is hyponatremia

Answer 21

When body water content rises (over hydration)

Question 22

What is hypernatremia

Answer 22

Body water content declines (dehydration)

Question 23

Two steps of potassium balance

Answer 23

Rate of gain across digestive epithelium, rate of loss into urine

Question 24

What regulates potassium loss in urine

Answer 24

Ion pumps

Question 25

Acids are proton ,,, and bases are proton ,,,

Answer 25

Donor, acceptor

Question 26

What do buffers do

Answer 26

Neutralise either strong acids or bases

Question 27

Important buffer in humans

Answer 27

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 28

What are antacids

Answer 28

Basic compounds that neutralise acid and form a salt

Question 29

Equilibrium equation for carbonic acid

Answer 29

H2CO3 H^+ + HCO3^-

Question 30

What is acidosis

Answer 30

Physiological state resulting from abnormally low plasma pH

Question 31

What is alkalosis

Answer 31

Physiological state resulting from abnormally high plasma pH

Question 32

What body systems in particular do acidosis and alkalosis effect

Answer 32

Nervous and cardiovascular system

Question 33

Three types of acids in the body

Answer 33

Fixed acids, organic acids, volatile acids

Question 34

What are fixed acids

Answer 34

Acids that do not leave solution, once they're produced they remain in body fluids until eliminated by kidneys

Question 35

Two most important fixed acids in the body

Answer 35

Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

Question 36

What are organic acids

Answer 36

There are two types, those produced by aerobic metabolism and those produced by anaerobic metabolism

Question 37

What is carbonic acid

Answer 37

A volatile acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere

Question 38

What happens to carbonic acid in solution with peripheral tissues

Answer 38

Interacts with water to form carbonic acid

Question 39

What is released when carbonic acid dissociates

Answer 39

Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Question 40

What is carbonic anhydrase

Answer 40

Enzyme that catalyses dissociation of carbonic acid

Question 41

What is the most important factor affecting pH in Body tissues

Answer 41

Pco2

Question 42

What happens to pH when CO2 levels rise

Answer 42

pH goes down as H+ and bicarbonate ions are released

Question 43

How does process at the alveoli effect pH

Answer 43

Blood pH rises as CO2 diffuses into the atmosphere

Question 44

How are H+ ions gained and eliminated

Answer 44

Gained - at digestive tract, through cellular metabolic actives Eliminated - at kidneys and in urine, at lungs

Question 45

Why must H+ ions be neutralised

Answer 45

To avoid tissue damage

Question 46

List the three major buffer systems

Answer 46

Protein buffer systems, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buff system

Question 47

What does the protein buffer system do

Answer 47

Helps regulate pH in ECF and ICF,

Question 48

What does the phosphate buffer system buffer

Answer 48

pH of ICF and urine?

Question 49

What does the protein buffer system depend on

Answer 49

Amino acids

Question 50

How does the protein buffer system work if pH rises

Answer 50

If pH rises causes carboxyl group of amino acids to dissociate acting as a weak acid releases a hydrogen ion chases the group to become a carboxylate ion

Question 51

How does protein buffer system work if pH drops

Answer 51

Carboxylate ion and amino group act as weak bases and accept H+ ion which forms a carboxyl group and amino ion