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Nursing 2018 > Module 2 Cells > Flashcards

Module 2 Cells Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cell Theory

A

All cells come from the division of preexisting cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

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2
Q

Procaryotes

A

Bacteria, single chromosomes, no nucleus or organelles

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Plant and animal cells

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4
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

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5
Q

Leucocyte

A

White blood cell

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6
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A cell of the lymph system

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7
Q

Monocyte

A

A type of white blood cell

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8
Q

Osteocyte

A

A bone cell

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

A type of skin cell

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10
Q

Phagocyte

A

A cell that engulfs foreign material or debris

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11
Q

Erythroblast

A

Immature red blood cell

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12
Q

Osteoblast

A

Immature bone cell

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13
Q

Monoblast

A

Immature monocyte

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14
Q

Haemocytoblasts

A

Immature blood cell

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15
Q

Functions of centrosome and centrioles

A

Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organisation of microtubules in cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

Strength and support; movement of cellar structures and materials

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17
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entry and exit of materials

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18
Q

What makes up the phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic fatty-acids tails, barrier to ions and waters

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19
Q

What’s interstitial fluid

A

Extracellular fluid is a watery medium that surrounds a cell

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20
Q

What’s cytoplasm

A

Fluid inside the cell (cytosol = liquid), contains intracellular structures collectively known as organelles

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21
Q

What does cytosol contain

A

Dissolved nutrients, ions, proteins and waste products

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22
Q

List 6 nonmembranous organelles

A

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes and proteasomes - direct contact with cytosol

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23
Q

List 5 membranous organelles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria

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24
Q

What three things make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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25
What are microfilaments
Thin filaments composed of the protein actin that provide strength, interact with proteins, pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement
26
What are microtubules
Large, hollow tubes of Tubulin
27
What do microtubules do
Attach to centrosome, strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape, move vesicles within cell, form spindle apparatus
28
Function of microvilli
Increase surface area and absorption and attach to cytoskeleton
29
Functions of centrioles in the Centrosome
Centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division, centrosomes cyotoplasm surrounding centriole
30
Function of cilia
Small hair like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface
31
Function of ribosomes
Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
32
Function and location of free ribosomes
In cytoplasm, manufacture proteins for cell
33
What is the function and location of fixed ribosomes
Attached to ER, manufacture proteins for secretion
34
What are proteasomes
They contain enzymes which disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
35
What is the endoplasmic reticulum attached to
Cisternae - storage chambers within membranes
36
Functions of endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis proteins, stores synthesised molecules and materials, transport of materials within the ER, detoxification of drugs or toxins
37
Functions of the Golgi body
Modifies and packages secretions (hormones or enzymes), renews or modifies the plasma membrane, packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm
38
Functions of lysosomes
Clean up inside cells (autolysis), break down large molecules, attack bacteria, recycle damaged organelles, eject waste by exocytosis
39
What is autolysis
Self destruction of damaged cells
40
Function of mitochondria
Takes chemical energy from glucose to form ATP
41
Aerobic metabolism / cellular respiration equation
Glucose + O2 + ADP -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
42
What is the nucleus
The control centre of the cell
43
What surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
44
What is the space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope called
Perinuclear space
45
What's the function of nuclear pores
Allow communication to outside the nucleus
46
What are nucleoli made of and what do they do
Made of RNA, enzymes and histones, synthesise rRNA and ribosomal subunits
47
What are nucleosomes
The DNA coiled around histones
48
What are chromatin
Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
49
What are Chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA that divides
50
What is selective permeability based on
Size, charge, shape, lipid solubility
51
Is diffusion active or passive
Passive
52
Is carrier mediated transport active or passive
Can be either
53
Is vesicular transport active or passive
Active
54
Five factors that influence diffusion
Distances, molecule size (smaller is faster), temp (higher temp = faster), conc. gradient, electrical forces i.e opposites attract
55
What two types of materials diffuse through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion
Lipid-soluble compounds, dissolved gases
56
What uses channel-mediate diffusion
Water-soluble compounds and ions
57
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane
58
In osmosis which side does the volume increase on
The side with More solutes
59
Which direction do water molecules diffuses in during osmosis
Low to high SOLUTE concentration
60
What must the membrane be during osmosis
Freely permeable to water, selectively permeable to solutes
61
Define osmotic pressure
The force of s concentration gradient of water
62
What can prevent osmosis
By an applied force that is equal to the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop the osmotic flow
63
Isotonic define
A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell (equal concentrations)
64
Hypotonic define
Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis
65
Hypertonic define
Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
66
Two fluids may have equal .... But different ...
Osmolarity, tonicity
67
What happens to a cell in a HYPOTONIC solution
Gains water and ruptures, i.e hemolysis of red blood cells
68
What happens to a cell in a HYPERTONIC solution
Loses water, shrinks i.e cremation of red blood cells
69
What is cotransport in relation to carrier mediated transport
Two substances move in the same direction at the same time
70
What is countertransport in relation to carried mediated transport
One substances moves in while another moves out
71
What is facilitated diffusion
Passive process where carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose, amino acids)
72
Two steps of facilitated diffusion
Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein, | protein changes shape and molecule passes through,
73
What is active transport
Process that requires energy to move substrates against the concentration gradient
74
What do ion pumps move
Ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
75
What are exchange pumps
Pumps that countertransport two ions at the same time
76
Example of primary active transport
Sodium-potassium exchange pump, pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in, 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2K+
77
Example of secondary active transport
Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport and ATP pumps Na+ back out
78
What is vesicular transport
Movement where materials move into or out of cell in vesicles
79
Two types of endocytosis
Pinocytosis (drinking), phagocytosis (eating )
80
How does endocytosis work
Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands) and coated vesicles (endosome) carry ligands and receptors into the cell
81
What is exocytosis
Granules or droplets are released from the cell

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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