Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine glands in the CNS area

Answer 1

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland

Question 2

3 Places steroid hormones are produced by

Answer 2

Gonads (testes / ovaries)
Adrenal Cortex
Kidneys

Question 3

What is direct cell communication

Answer 3

Is surface membrane to adjacent surface membrane, exchange of ions and small molecules

Question 4

What is paracrine cell communication

Answer 4

Signalling through spread of extracellular fluid between cells of a single tissue

Question 5

What is synaptic communication

Answer 5

Neurones release neurotransmitters at a synapse

Question 6

What is endocrine communication

Answer 6

Uses hormones released into blood to coordinate cellular activities in distant tissues

Question 7

In what hormones are receptors outside cell membrane

Answer 7

Amino acid based

Question 8

In what hormones are receptors in cell

Answer 8

Steroid, are lipid soluble

Question 9

What releases the thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone

Answer 9

anterior Pituitary gland

Question 10

What does the thyroid gland produce

Answer 10

Thyroxine

Question 11

Function of parathyroid glands

Answer 11

Secrete parathyroid hormone when plasma levels of Ca2+ drop

Question 12

Function of adrenal androgens

Answer 12

Promote muscle mass, blood cell formation and libido

Question 13

Function of aldosterone

Answer 13

Supports level of Na+, when Na+ drops aldosterone is secreted and causes Na+ to be reasborbed in kidneys in exchange for K+ regultion of blood pressure

Question 14

Where is the enzyme renin released from

Answer 14

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 15

Why is renin released

Answer 15

In response to decreased blood pressure or decreased plasma osmolarity

Question 16

What is atrial natriuerectic factor

Answer 16

a hormone secreted by the heart when blood pressure rises which inhibits renin-angiotensin system

Question 17

What effect does natriueretic factor have on aldosterone

Answer 17

Inhibits the release of aldosterone

Question 18

What does the Adrenal medulla produce

Answer 18

Adrenaline & noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinehrine)

Question 19

What do alpha cells produce

Answer 19

Glucagon

Question 20

What do beta cells produce

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

Function of glucagon

Answer 21

Glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Function of insulin

Answer 22

Causes enhanced membrane transport of glucose into body cells

Question 23

What effect does insulin have on blood sugar

Answer 23

Lowers it

Question 24

Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 24

Type 1 - no insulin activity resulting in increased blood glucose
Type 2 - Inadequate amount of insulin or problem with insulin receptors

Question 25

What is hyperinsulinism

Answer 25

Excessive excretion of insulin = hypoglycemia

Question 26

What hormone do the kidneys produce

Answer 26

Erythropoeitin - signals red bone marrow to increase production of RBC's Calcitrol and Renin

Question 27

What do the pineal glands produce and function

Answer 27

Melotonin - circadian cycles

Question 28

What hormone do the atria of the heart produce

Answer 28

Atrial Natriuretic factor

Question 29

What hormones does the thymus produce

Answer 29

Thymopoietins and Thymosins (stimulate development of antibodies in response to infection)

Question 30

Function of gastrin

Answer 30

Stimulate secretion of gastric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor and secretin

Question 31

Reason for modern prevalence of T2DM

Answer 31

Enviromental and physical behavioural factors such as diet and physical inactivity