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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Varicose Veins

A

dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves; Can be caused by prolonged standing in one position, pregnancy, obesity

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2
Q

Hemodynamics

A

the means by which blood flow is altered and distributed and by which blood pressure is regulated

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3
Q

Angiogenesis

A

the growth of new blood vessels
- important process in fetal and postnatal

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4
Q

Tumor Angiogenesis Factors (TAFs)

A

proteins secreted by malignant tumors that stimulate blood vessel growth to nature the tumor cells

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5
Q

Blood Vessels

A

form a closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, transport it to the tissues of the body, and then return it to the heart

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6
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to the tissues

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7
Q

Arterioles

A

very small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
- through vasodilation and vasoconstriction, play a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure

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8
Q

Capillaries

A
  • the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues. Usually connects arterioles and venules
  • found near almost every cell in the body
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9
Q

Venules

A

drain blood from capillaries into larger veins

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10
Q

Veins

A

convey blood from the tissues back to the heart

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11
Q

Vaso Vasorum

A

-“Vessels of Vessels”
- network of small blood vessels that supply nutrients to the walls of the large blood vessels

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12
Q

Walls of the Artery

A

Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa

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13
Q

What are the functional properties of arteries?

A

Elasticity and Contractility (maintained in the tunica media)

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14
Q

Elasticity

A
  • allows arteries to accept blood under great pressure from the contraction of the ventricles and send it through the system
  • due to elastic tissue in the tunica interna and media
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15
Q

Contractility

A
  • allows arteries to increase or decrease lumen size and to limit bleeding from wounds
  • due to the smooth muscle in the tunica media
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16
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • large arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle
  • able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward
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17
Q

What are Elastic Arteries also called?

A

Conducting Arteries b/c conduct blood from the heart to medium-sized muscular arteries

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18
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

have a large amount of smooth muscle in their walls and distribute blood to various parts of the body

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19
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel

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20
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel

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21
Q

Microcirculation

A

flow of blood through the capillaries

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22
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells through interstitial fluid

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23
Q

What composes the layer of the capillaries?

A

endothelium and a basement membrane (single layered)

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24
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the capillary walls?

A

regulate the flow of blood through them

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25
Q

Precapillary Sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle fibers (cells) that regulate blood flow through true capillaries

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26
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

Provide Definitions

A
  • Continuous: little or no space between squamous cells (found in skin, muscles, lungs, brain)
  • Fenestrated: found in Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule (Renal Corpuscle) of the Kidneys
  • Sinusoids: widest openings (found in the liver)
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27
Q

How do veins differ from arteries?

A
  • veins have thinner tunica interna and media and a thicker tunica externa
  • veins have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle and therefore thinner-walled
  • contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
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28
Q

Vascular (Venous) Veins
2 examples where located

A
  • veins with very thin walls with no smooth muscle to alter their diameters
  • Ex: brain’s superior sagittal sinus
  • Ex: coronary sinus of the heart
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29
Q

What can weak valves cause?

A

Varicose Veins (blood pools, causing enlarged veins)

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30
Q

What are the most common sites for Varicose Veins?

A
  • esophagus
  • superficial veins of the lower limbs
  • veins in the anal canal (hemorrhoids)
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31
Q

What are the treatment options for varicose veins in the lower limbs?

A
  • sclerotherapy
  • radio frequency endovenous occlusion
  • laser occlusion
  • surgical stripping
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32
Q

Anastomoses

A
  • the union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same region
  • provide alternate routes for blood to reach a tissue or organ
  • can also consists of two veins or a vein and an artery
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33
Q

Collateral Circulation

A

the alternate flow of blood to a body part through an anastomosis

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34
Q

End Arteries

A
  • arteries that do not anastomose
  • occlusion of an end artery interrupts the blood supply to a whole segment of an organ, producing necrosis (death) of that segment
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35
Q

Blood Reservoirs

A
  • the systemic veins and venules that contain the largest portion of the blood, at rest
  • they store blood and, through venous vasoconstriction, can move blood to other parts of the body if the need arises
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36
Q

What occurs during hemorrhaging?

A
  • the result of varicosities in anal veins
  • blood pressure and volume decrease
  • vasoconstriction of veins in venous reservoirs help to compensate for the blood loss
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37
Q

Where are the principal reservoirs located?

A

veins of the abdominal organs (liver and spleen) and skin

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38
Q

What are the 3 ways substances enter and leave the capillaries?

A
  • diffusion (most important)
  • transcytosis
  • bulk flow (filtration and absorption)
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39
Q

Capillary Diffusion

A
  • important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid
  • substances such as O2, CO2, glucose, amino acids, hormones, etc. diffuse down concentration gradients
  • all plasma solutes, except larger proteins, pass freely across most capillary walls
  • exception of diffusion of water-soluble materials against capillary walls is in the brain where blood-brain barrier exists
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40
Q

Transcytosis

A

the enclosing of substances within tiny vesicles that enter cells by endocytosis

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41
Q

Bulk Flow

A
  • important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
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42
Q

What 2 things are the movement of water and dissolved substances (except proteins) through capillaries dependent upon?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

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43
Q

Starling’s law of the capillaries

A

most of the water that moved from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid at the arterial end will be returned to the bloodstream at the venous end

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44
Q

Edema

A
  • an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid
  • caused by the disruption of the balance of filtration and reabsorption between interstitial fluid and plasma
  • may be caused by several factors including increased blood hydrostatic pressure in capillaries due to an increas in venous pressure
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45
Q

What factors can cause Edema?

A

increased blood hydrostatic pressure in capillaries due to:
- an increase in venous pressure
- decreased concentration of plasma proteins that lower blood colloid osmotic pressure
- increased permeability of capillaries which allows greater amounts of plasma proteins to leave the blood and enter tissue fluid
- increased extracellular fluid volume as a result of fluid retention
- blockage of lymphatic vessels postoperatively or due to filarial worm infection

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46
Q

What does the distribution of cardiac output to various tissues depend on ?

A

difference of the blood flow and resistance to blood flow

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47
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • the pressure exerted on the wall of an artery when the left ventricle undergoes systole and then diastole
  • In clinical use, BP refers to pressure in arteries
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48
Q

What device is used to measure BP?

A

sphygmomanometer

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49
Q

What equation determines Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

mean aortic blood pressure (MABP) / total resistance (R)

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50
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A
  • cardiac output
  • blood volume
  • viscosity
  • resistance
  • elasticity of arteries
51
Q

Resistance

A

the opposition of blood flow as a result of friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels

52
Q

What are the 3 sources of blood flow resistance?

A
  • blood viscosity
  • total blood vessel length
  • blood vessel diameter
53
Q

Blood Viscosity

A
  • the thickness or “stickiness” of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
  • greater viscosity results in molecules less easily able to slide past each other (greater blood flow resistance)
54
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance

AKA Total Peripheral Resistance

A
  • all of the vascular resistances offered by systemic blood vessels
  • most resistance is in arterioles, capillaries, and venules due to their small diameters
55
Q

What is the only vessel that provides direct access to nearly every cell in the body?

A

capillaries

56
Q

The presence of ______ stabilizes the wall of capillaries

A

pericytes: the outer surface of capillaries

57
Q

Pericytes

A

contractile stem cells that can generate new vessels or scar tissue, stabilize the capillary wall, and help control capillary permeability

58
Q

What is the rate of pressure as blood leaves the aorta and flows through systemic circulation to reach the right atrium?

A

0 mm Hg

59
Q

Up to 65% of the body’s blood supply is found in ______.

A

veins

60
Q

What causes Venous Return?

A

venous return occurs because of the pressure gradient between the venules and the right atrium

61
Q

What are some of the factors that maintain blood return to the heart? (3)

A
  • skeletal muscular contractions
  • valves in veins (especially in the extremities)
  • pressure changes associated with breathing
62
Q

Blood Flow

A
  • the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given period of time
  • volume of blood flow is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of blood vessels; blood flows most slowly where cross-sectional area is greatest
  • blood flow decreases from the aorta to arteries to capillaries and increases as it returns to the heart
63
Q

Syncope

A

fainting; a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness followed by spontaneous recovery

64
Q

What is the most common cause of Syncope?

A

cerebral ischemia

65
Q

Which two factors determine Arterial Blood Pressure?

A
  • elasticity of arteries close to heart
  • volume of blood forced into them at any time
66
Q

Pulsatile

A

blood pressure that rises and falls with each heartbeat
Ex: near the heart

67
Q

Systolic Pressure

A
  • pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
  • normal = 120 mm Hg (males); 110 mm Hg (females)
68
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A
  • lowest level of aortic pressure, recorded during ventricular relaxation
  • normal = 80 mm Hg (males); 70 mm Hg (females)
69
Q

What is the name of the various sounds heard while taking blood pressure?

A

Korotkoff Sounds

70
Q

Pulse Pressure

A
  • difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
  • normally about 40 mm Hg
  • provides information about the condition of the arteries
71
Q

Pulse

A
  • the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery wall with each heartbeat
  • throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under skin
  • strongest in arteries closest to the heart
72
Q

What are vital signs to take for clinical monitoring of circulatory efficiency?

A
  • pulse
  • blood pressure
  • respiratory rate
  • blood pressure
73
Q

What is the most commonly used artery to feel the pulse?

A

radial artery

74
Q

What are the body sites where pulse is most easily palpated?

A
  • superficial temporal artery
  • facial artery
  • common carotid artery
  • brachial artery
  • radial artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • posterior tibial artery
  • dorsalis pedis artery
75
Q

What is a normal resting pulse (heart) rate between?

A

70 to 80 bpm

76
Q

Tachycardia

A

a rapid resting pulse rate ( > 100 bpm)

77
Q

Bradycardia

A

a slow resting pulse rate ( < 60 bpm)

78
Q

Vasomotion

A
  • intermittent flow or blood through capillaries
  • Due to on/off opening and closing of precapillary sphincters
79
Q

Cardiovascular Center (CV)

A

a group of neurons in the medulla that regulates heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter

80
Q

What does the CV receive input from?

A

higher brain regions and sensory receptors (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors)

81
Q

What fibers does the output from the CV flow along?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

82
Q

How do sympathetic impulses along cardio-accelerator nerve impact heart rate and contractility?

A

increase heart rate and contractility

83
Q

How do the parasympathetic impulses along vagus nerves impact heart rate?

A

decrease heart rate

84
Q

Vasomotor Tone

A

a moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic division continually sending impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls via vasomotor nerves

85
Q

Baroreceptors

A

important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the atria

86
Q

What is the function of the Cardiac Sinus Reflex?

What is it initiated by?

A
  • maintaining normal blood pressure in the brain
  • initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinus
87
Q

What is the function of the Aortic Reflex?

What is it initiated by?

A
  • general systemic blood pressure
  • initiated by barorecetpors in the wall of the arch of the aorta or attached to the arch
88
Q

What is the function of the baroreceptors if blood pressure falls?

A
  • the baroreceptors reflexes accelerate heart rate,
  • increase force of contraction, and
  • promote vasoconstriction
89
Q

What is the benefit of a Carotid Sinus Massage?

A

it can slow heart rate in paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia

90
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • receptors sensitive to chemicals
  • monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration
91
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and arch of the aorta

92
Q

Which hormones affect blood pressure and blood flow?

And How?

A
  • angiotensin II, epinephrine, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide
  • by altering cardiac output, changing systemic vascular resistance, or adjusting the total blood volume
93
Q

Autoregulation

A

the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demand for supply of O2, nutrients, and removal of wastes

94
Q

What is the principal stimulus for autoregulation in most body tissues?

A

Oxygen (not direct)

95
Q

What are the two general types of stimuli that cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow?

A

physical and chemical

96
Q

Shock

A

an inadequate cardiac output that results in failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of body cells

97
Q

What can occur as a result of shock?

A
  • cellular membranes dysfunction
  • cellular metabolism is abnormal
  • cellular death may eventually occur without proper treatment
98
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

Caused by?

A

increased blood volume

99
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

Caused by?

A

poor heart function

100
Q

Vascular Shock

Caused by?

A

inappropriate vasodilation

101
Q

Obstructive Shock

Caused by?

A

obstruction of blood flow

102
Q

What are some of the homeostatic responses to shock? (4)

A
  • activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • secretion of ADH
  • activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS
  • release of local vasodilators
103
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of shock?

A
  • clammy, cool, pale skin
  • tachycardia
  • weak, rapid pulse
  • sweating
  • hypotension (systemic pressure < 90 mm Hg)
  • altered mental status
  • decreased urinary output
  • thirst
  • acidosis
104
Q

What are the three circulatory routes of blood vessels?

A
  • systemic circulation (largest)
  • pulmonary circulation
  • fetal circulation
105
Q

What is the route of systemic circulation?

A

take oxygenated blood from left ventricle through aorta to all parts of body, including some lung tissue, and returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium

106
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation

A

collects blood from the veins of the pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver before it returns to the heart

107
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs of lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

108
Q

How do pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation differ? (4)

A
  • blood in pulmonary circulation is not pumped so far as in the systemic circulation
  • pulmonary arteries have a larger diameter, thinner walls, and less elastic tissue
  • resistance in pulmonary circulation is low, so less pressure is needed to move blood through lungs
  • normal pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure is lower than systemic capillary hydrostatic pressure, which tends to prevent pulmonary edema
109
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

the exchange of materials between fetus and mother

110
Q

Placenta

A

structure that supplies fetus with oxygen and nutrients and eliminates fetus’s carbon dioxide and wastes through the maternal blood supply

111
Q

How does blood pass from the fetus to the placenta?

A

Blood passes from the fetus to the placenta via two umbilical arteries and returns from the placenta via a single umbilical vein

112
Q

What functions are established at birth? (6)

A
  • pulmonary, digestive, and liver functions are established
  • ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
  • formaen ovale becomes fossa ovalis
  • ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum
  • umbilical arteries become medial umbilical ligaments
  • umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres (round ligament)
113
Q

What is the process of the development of blood cells and blood vessels? (3)

A
  • begins at 15 - 16 days in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and body stalk
  • few days later vessels begin to form within embryo
  • blood vessels and blood cells develop from hemangioblasts
114
Q

How do newborn blood vessels develop?

A
  • blood vessels develop from angioblasts which are derived from hemangioblasts
  • angioblasts aggregate to form blood islands
  • spaces appear and become the lumen of the vessel
115
Q

How do newborn blood cells develop?

A

blood cells develop from pluripotent stem cells which are also derived from hemangioblasts

116
Q

What general changes are associated with aging and the cardiovascular system? (6)

A
  • loss of compliance (extensibility) of the aorta
  • reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size
  • progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength
  • reduced cardiac output
  • a decline in maximum heart rate
  • increased systolic blood pressure
117
Q

What diseases increase with age?

A
  • coronary artery disease (arteries narrow or fill with plaque, limiting blood flow to the heart)
  • congestive heart failure (heart can’t pump blood well enough)
  • arteriosclerosis (thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries)
118
Q

Hypertension

A
  • persistently high blood pressure
  • systolic pressure 140 > mmHg
  • diastolic blood pressure 90 > mmHg
119
Q

Primary Hypertension

A
  • approx. 90 - 95% of all hypertension cases
  • cannot be attributed to any particular organic cause
120
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A
  • approx. 5 - 10% cases
  • has identifiable underlying causes such as:
  • obstruction of renal blood flow or disorders that damage renal tissue
  • hypersecretion of aldosterone
  • hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by pheochromocytoma
  • tumor of the adrenal gland
121
Q

Why can it take a while for some people to realize they have high blood pressure?

A
  • High blood pressure can cause considerable damage to the blood vessels, heart, brain, and kidneys before it causes pain or other noticeable symptoms
122
Q

What lifestyle changes can reduce elevated blood pressure?

A
  • losing weight
  • limiting alcohol intake
  • exercising
  • reducing sodium intake
  • maintaining recommended dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium
  • not smoking
  • managing stress
123
Q

What are some drugs that have been used to successfully treat hypertension?

A
  • diuretics
  • beta-blockers
  • vasodilators
  • calcium channel blockers

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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