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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a hormone

A

chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the blood stream to alter activities of specific cells and other tissue

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2
Q

Hormone produced by duodenum and stimulates pancreas and gall bladder

A

cholecystokinin

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3
Q

Which hormone would increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor?

A

oxytocin

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4
Q

Destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas results in what metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

A

diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

Which hormone is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy tests?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)

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6
Q

What substances are secreted from the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

bile and pancreatic juice

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7
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of steroid hormones?

A
  • synthesized from cholesterol
  • lipid soluble
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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the hypophysis?

A

it releases releasing hormones

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9
Q

Know the location of the hypothalamus and hypophysis

A
  • hypothalamus is located in ventral part of brain, above adrenal gland
  • hypophysis is located below hypothalamus
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10
Q

What would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired?

A
  • hyperkalemia: high potassium levels
  • hyponatremia: low sodium levels
  • metabolic acidosis: too much acid
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11
Q

Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells (Islet of Langerhans)?

A

insulin

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12
Q

Which hormone promotes and increased metabolic rate?

A

thyroid hormone

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12
Q

An amine hormone derived from serotonin

A

melatonin

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13
Q

Hormones that act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream

A

Paracrine hormones

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14
Q

What are the lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

A

steroid hormones

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15
Q

When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone it is called:

A

antagonist

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16
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates growth of bones?

A

growth hormone (GH)

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18
Q

What are Gonadotropin Hormones (GnH)?

Provide Examples

A
  • Any hormone that stimulates the gonads (sex glands)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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19
Q

Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

A

erythropoietin

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20
Q

What is the determining factor that stimulates erythropoietin release from the kidney?

A

low hemoglobin levels

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21
Q

If you were to investigate the level of hormones in an individual, what’s the most common test?

A
  • blood test (most common)
  • urine test (sometimes used)
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22
Q

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the concentration of which ion in the blood?

A

calcium

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23
Q

What hormones are Gonadotropins?

A
  • LH
  • FSH
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24
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates milk production?

A

prolactin (PRL)

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25
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates cortisol production?

A

Adenocoricotropin Hormones (ACTH)

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26
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored at the neurohypophysis?

A

oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

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27
Q

What are 6 characteristics of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • elevated metabolic rate
  • goiter
  • rapid weight loss despite increased appetite
  • sweating
  • rapid and irregular heart beat
  • nervousness
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28
Q

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

A
  • ovaries
  • testes
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29
Q

The disease called _______ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as “moon face”

A

cushing syndrome

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30
Q

Which gland is called the “emergency gland” and helps the body adjust to stress?

A

adrenal gland

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31
Q

What is the name for hormones that have additive effects?

A

synergists

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32
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

A

neurohypophysis

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33
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

A

prolactin (PRL)

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34
Q

This hormone stimulates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

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35
Q

What is the name for hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are

Provide Examples

A
  • tropic hormones
  • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) stimulates pituitary to release thryroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • TSH stimulates thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone
  • ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol and sex hormones
  • GnRH stimulates pituitary to release LH and FSH
  • FSH stimulates maturation of eggs and production of sperm
  • LH stimulates sex cell production
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36
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of many of what, that are responsible for the storage of the thyroid hormone.

A

follicular lumen

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37
Q

This hormone has an opposite action of calcitonin

A

parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels

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38
Q

Where do the steroid hormones have their receptors?

A

nucleus

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39
Q

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to what?

A

cortisol

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40
Q

Which component of blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstial fluid?

A

leukocytes (White blood cells)

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41
Q

Match the following hormones with their site of synthesis:

epinephrine
gonadocorticoid
glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid
zona glomerulosa
zona reticulata
adrenal medulla
zona fasciculata

A

epinephrine -> zona glomerulosa
gonadocorticoid -> zona reticulata
glucocorticoid -> zona fasciculata
mineralocorticoid -> zona glomerulosa

42
Q

If a person living at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you except to happen?

A

increased erythropoieses (red blood cell count)

43
Q

Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ____ cells.

A

cytotoxic T cells

44
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes and their relevancy in disease control?

A
  • lymphocyte: fight viruses and tumors
  • monocyte: phagocytic, fight viruses, parasites, and chornic infections
45
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport: oxygen and nutrients to body cells, metabolic wastes, hormones
  • regulation: body temp and fluid volume
  • protection: prevent infection and blood loss (platelets)
46
Q

What is the normal average temperature of blood?

A

100.4 F or 38 C

47
Q

Which plasma proteins play a role in blood clotting?

A

fibrin

48
Q

The process of a white blood cell squeezing between vells to exit the blood vessel

A

diapedesis

49
Q

Which hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts?

A

thrombopoietin

Note: Thrombocytes are platelets

50
Q

Monocytes fuse together to form a large phagocytic cell called

A

macrophages

51
Q

What are the contractile cells of the heart?

A
  • SA node and AV node
  • 99% of cells in atria and ventricles
52
Q

What are the conductive cells of the heart?

A
  • Bundle of HIS
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje Fibers
53
Q

What is the chief function of WBCs?

A

protection from illness and disease

54
Q

Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

A

platelets

55
Q

Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?

A

leukocytes

56
Q

The normal pH range for blood is?

A

7.35 - 7.45

57
Q

The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called

A

hemopoiesis

58
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?

A

270 million

59
Q

A megakaryoblast will develop into what?

A

platelet

60
Q

During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into what?

A

red blood cells

61
Q

What are the granular leukocytes?

A
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil
  • basophil
62
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes?

A
  • lymphocyte
  • monocyte
63
Q

Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?

A

neutrophils

64
Q

Know the characteristics and pH of blood (6)

A
  • 4 - 6 liters of blood in the body
  • viscosity: 4.5 - 5.5 cP
  • 55% is plasma
  • 45% is formed elements
  • normal hematocrit levels: men: 40 - 54%; women: 36 - 48%
  • normal pH range: 7.35 - 7.45
65
Q

What factor would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into the peripheral tissues?

A

decreased pH

66
Q

A person with ‘A’ blood type should never receive a transfusion of ‘B’, nor ______ blood; but can receive ‘A’ or _______ type blood

A

AB; O

67
Q

What is coagulation?

A

process that prevents excessive bleeding when blood vessel is injured (platelets combine)

68
Q

Know the heart’s atrioventricular valves and their locations

A
  • mitral (bicuspid) valve: btwn left atria and left ventricle
  • tricuspid valve: btwn right atrium and right ventricle
69
Q

Which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall and forms the apex of the heart?

A

left ventricle

70
Q

What is foramen ovale?

A

muscular tissue between left and right atrium, allowing blood to cross atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development

71
Q

What is used to reduce friction between membranes surrounding the heart?

A

pericardial fluid

72
Q

Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

myocardium

73
Q

From the left ventricle, where does blood pass?

A

through the aortic valve into the aorta, then to system circulation (body)

74
Q

In a fetus, this stricture temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

75
Q

As each ventricle contracts where does blood move?

A

through the arteries

76
Q

As each atrium contracts where does blood move?

A

ventricles

77
Q

In which disorder is the aortic valve narrowed?

A

aortic stenosis

78
Q

The heart chambers that carry deoxygenated blood

A

right chambers

79
Q

The valve that guards the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

80
Q

Which valve of the heart does not have chordae tendineae attached?

A

semilunar valves

81
Q

Which period represents the greatest cardiac output?

A

ventricular systole

82
Q

Which part of the brain regulates heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

83
Q

The second heart sound is represented by what?

A

closure of semilunar valves

84
Q

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

A

vagus nerve

85
Q

List the correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart

A

SA Node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers

86
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute?

A

more than 5000 mL per minute

87
Q

What’s indicative of an ECG (EKG) lacking a P wave?

A

atrial fibrillation: no atrial depolarization

88
Q

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (3)

A
  • high blood pressure
  • obesity
  • unhealthy diet
89
Q

What do you call the muscle chambers in a heart?

A

right and left ventricles

90
Q

What are the small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendinae in the endocardium of the heart?

A

papillary muscle

91
Q

What are the heart’s semi-lunar valves and their locations?

A
  • aortic valve between left ventricle and aorta
  • pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
92
Q

What causes heart sounds?

A

blood flowing through heart chambers as the cardiac valves open and close during cardiac cycle (closing of AV and SL valves)

93
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

94
Q

What are some factors that will increase cardiac output? (2)

A
  • enhancement of sympathetic tone
  • circulation of thyroid hormone
95
Q

What is Fossa Ovalis and its function?

A

a depressed structure that is located in the interatrial system
- prevents blood flow, blocking the circulation of blood across interatrial septum

96
Q

What is the Heart Electrical Conductive System?

A

network of nodes, cells and signals that control heart beat

97
Q

Which structure acts as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?

A

chordae tendinae

98
Q

Which chamber of the heart generates the highest pressure?

A

left ventricle

99
Q

The internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue?

A

endothelium

100
Q

If a patient received trauma to the chest that caused severe impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart, which structures and areas received the greatest damage?

A

SA node

101
Q

Where is the primary cardiovascular control center in the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

102
Q

Which structures act as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?

A

chordae tendinae

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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