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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 2 Review (Blood Vessels, Lymphatic & Immunity, Respiratory) > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review (Blood Vessels, Lymphatic & Immunity, Respiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones would cause an increase in blood pressure?

A
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • ADH
  • Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
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2
Q

Where is the cardiovascular center located?

A

In the medulla oblongata

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3
Q

The ratio of RBC to plasma volume depends mostly on what?

A

blood viscosity - the thickness or resistance to flow of blood

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4
Q

This is a tube where air and food crosses

A

pharynx

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5
Q

What is the circulation time in a resting person?

A

The time required for a drop of blood to pass from the right atrium, back to the left atrium: 1 minute

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6
Q

What is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period?

A

blood flow

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7
Q

The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood (capillaries) into interstitial fluid is called

A

Filtration

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8
Q

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

A

Collateral Circulation (Channels)

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9
Q

The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (AKA Oncotic Pressure)

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10
Q

What is the most important capillary exchange method?

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

The opening to the pharynx from the oral cavity is called

A

Oral Fauces (Fissure)

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12
Q

Which type of blood vessel returns blood into the heart?

A

Veins

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13
Q

Know the components of a closed circulatory system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood Vessels
    Blood is contained inside the blood vessels, remaining separate from the interstitial fluid
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14
Q

What’s “articulation” during sound emission?

A

the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs in order to make speech sounds

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15
Q

What do veins have that arteries lack?

A

valves

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16
Q

In which animals are blood and interstitial fluid (lymph) mix together?

A

Invertebrates (ex: mollusks (ex: snails, octopus) and arthropods (ex: insects, crustaceans) )

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17
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system (5)

A
  • circulate blood through the body (maintain blood pressure)
  • transport the respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
  • provide cells with nutrients
  • remove metabolic waste products to the excretory organs for disposal
  • protect body against disease and infection
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18
Q

The fluid found in the lymphatic system, that sometimes contain leukocytes is called:

A

lymph

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19
Q

Blood exerts pressure, called ______________, on the walls of the ______________

A
  • blood pressure (when contracting: systole; when relaxing: diastole)
  • arteries
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20
Q

Know areas where pulse can be felt? (9)

A
  • temporal artery
  • facial artery
  • common carotid artery
  • brachial artery
  • radial artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • posterior tibial artery
  • dorsalis pedis artery
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21
Q

This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions.

A

IgA

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22
Q

T cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA.

A

Perforin (lymphotoxin)

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23
Q

Know how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

A

dissolved and bound to Hemoglobin (Hb)

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24
Q

Which part of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules?

A
  • inner cortex
  • medulla
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25
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

removes old or damaged RBCs

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26
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of function
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27
Q

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be?
Where do B and T cells mature?

A
  • immunocompetent
  • B cells remain in bone marrow to mature
  • T cells travel to thymus to mature
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28
Q

What induces production of a specific antibody?

A
  • When antigen comes in contact with B cell, it causes B cell to clone, forming plasma cells, releasing antibodies into bloodstream
  • each B cell produces a single species of antibody
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29
Q

What type of cells can lymphocytes recognize?

A

Antigens (foreign cells)

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30
Q

What is the passageway for air, food and water?

A

Pharynx

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31
Q

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?

A

epiglottis

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32
Q

Pitch is controlled by what?

A

the degree of tension in the vocal folds (chords) of the larynx

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33
Q

These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilages

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34
Q

What is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?

A

trachea

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35
Q

Site of the primary gas exchange

A

Alveoli

36
Q

What type of tissues maintain open airways in the lower respiratory system?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

37
Q

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called

A

Carina

38
Q

What cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?

A

Alveolar Type II Cells

39
Q

When does Exhalation begin?

A

when the inspiratory muscles relax

40
Q

This is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume

A

Function Residual Capacity (FRC)
- the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. FRC = RV + ERV

41
Q

What controls the flow of blood through a capillary bed?

A

precapillary sphincters

42
Q

Which vessels make up the largest blood reservoir?

A

veins and venules

43
Q

Which vessels play a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?

A

arterioles

44
Q

Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

A

Tunica (Interna) Media

45
Q

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?

A

Chyle (lipids)

46
Q

Know the organs of the immune system (9)
Which are uncapsulated?

A
  • Bone Marrow
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Tonsils (Uncapsulated)
    • adenoid (pharyngeal)
    • palatine
    • linguinal
  • Appendix (Uncapsulated)
  • Peyers Patches
  • MALT
  • Skin
47
Q

The left subclavian vein receives lymph from what?

A

thoracic duct

48
Q

The lymph from the right foot empties into the __________________.

A

thoracic duct

49
Q

What produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?

A

the thymus secretes thymosin to promote maturation of T cells

50
Q

In the thymus, where is it speculated that T cells die?

A

Hasall’s Corpuscles

51
Q

Through which blood vessels do red blood cells have to pass one at a time?

A

capillaries

52
Q

All arteries, with the exception of the ____________, contain oxygen-rich blood

A

pulmonary arteries

53
Q

What does the blockage of the lymphatic vessel cause?

A

lymphedema

54
Q

What’s phonation?

A

the production of speech sounds when air is pushed from lungs through the glottis

55
Q

Know the alveolar cells and their functions?

A
  • Type 1: Macrophages that phagocytize pathogens/debris from the outside
  • Type 2: produce surfactant that keeps alveolar from collapsing, maintaining surface tension
56
Q

Know the different types of capillaries and their locations

A

Continuous capillaries: little or no space between each squamous cells
- found in brain
Fenestrated capillaries: some openings
- found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands
Sinusoidal capillaries: widest openings
- found in liver, bone marrow, spleen

57
Q

What is immunity?

A
  • the state of being insusceptible to a pathogen
  • the action of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign surface
58
Q

Know the two Lymphatic ducts of the lymphatic
o where they drain lymph from
o where they drain lymph into

A
  • Right Lymphatic Duct
    • drains from right head, neck, thoracic, arm region
    • drains into junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
  • Thoracic Duct
    • drains from everywhere else
    • drains into junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
59
Q

Know the structure of the lymphatic vessels and differences and similarities between blood capillaries

A
  • One endothelial layer attached to the basement membrane
  • flows unidirectional towards the heart
  • more permeable than blood capillaries (ex: proteins, cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells)
    • due to mini valves anchored by collagen filaments
  • absent from bones, teeth, and bone marrow
60
Q

What are the cells of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphocytes

61
Q

Know the different types of Tonsils and where they are located.

A
  • palatine: posterior end of oral cavity (largest and most often infected)
  • lingual: lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
  • pharyngeal (adenoids): posterior wall of nasopharynx
  • tubal: surround opening of auditory tubes into pharynx
62
Q

Know the five classes of Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgE
63
Q

IgA

A
  • primary antibody secretions
  • found in saliva, breast milk, sweat
  • dimer
64
Q

IgG

A
  • major antibody in blood stream
  • usually produced first during immune reaction
  • crosses the placenta (from mother to fetus)
  • monomer
65
Q

IgM

A
  • good for bacteria agglutination
  • pentomer
66
Q

IgD

A
  • helps B-cells to recognize antigens
  • membrane-bound monomer
67
Q

IgE

A
  • invovled in allergic reactions and parasitic infection
  • stimulates release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
  • monomer
68
Q

Know different types of Lymphocytes and their functions

A
  • B cells: make antibodies to fight infection (plasma cells)
  • T cells: defend body against disease and infection and control immune response
  • Natural Killers (NK): attack cells infected with virus and abnormal cells, like cancer cells
69
Q

Know the types of T cells and their functions

A

Cytotoxic T-cell
- attack host cells infected with virus
Memory T-cell
- keeps memory of previous infection
Suppressor T-cell
- controls excess of B cells when antibodies are produced
Helper T-cell
- helps T and B cells in recognizing antigens (Ag)

70
Q

What is the anatomical difference between bronchus and bronchioles?

A

bronchus/bronchi branch into bronchioles
bronchioles have smooth muscle but lack cartilage

71
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

low oxygen levels in body tissues

72
Q

What is Anoxia?

A

a state of total oxygen deprivation within tissues or organs

73
Q

Apnea

A

When you stop breathing or have no airflow (can occur while sleeping)

74
Q

Hypernea

A

forced respiration, increased volume of air taken in during breathing, characterized by deep breathing

75
Q

Four Pulmonary Volumes

A
  • Resting Tidal Volume (Vt)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
  • Residual Volume (RV)
76
Q

Tidal Volume (Vt)

A
  • volume of air moving into or out of lungs during quiet breathing
  • Female: 500mL
  • Male: 500mL
77
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
  • Female: 1900 mL
  • Male: 3300 mL
78
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume
  • Female: 700 mL
  • Male: 1000 mL
79
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A
  • Volume of air that remains in respiratory system after a maximal exhalation
  • Female: 1100 mL
  • Male: 1200 mL
80
Q

Four Calculated Respiratory Volumes

A
  • Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
  • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
  • Vital Capacity
  • Total Lung
81
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration
-Vt + IRV
- Female: 1900 mL
- Male: 3800 mL

82
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
- ERV + RV
- Female: 1800 mL
- Male: 2200 mL

83
Q

Vital Capacity

A

the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs after fully inhaling
- Female: 3100 mL
- Male: 4800 mL

84
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration
- Female: 4200 mL
- Male: 6000 mL

85
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsing of the alveoli

86
Q

Name the Lymphatic Trunks

A
  • 2 jugular trunks
  • 2 subclavian trunks
  • 2 bronchomediastinal trunks
  • 2 lumbar trunks
  • 1 intestinal trunk

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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