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Capstone > Cardiovascular system/ECG > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system/ECG Flashcards

1
Q

where are the ECG leads placed on the patient?

A

white: right forelimb
black: left forelimb
red: left hindlimb
green: right hindlimb

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2
Q

what does the P wave represent?

A

depolarization of the atria

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3
Q

what does an enlarged P wave mean?

A

atrial enlargement

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4
Q

what does the P-R interval represent?

A

atrial depolarization and conduction through the AV node

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5
Q

what does P-R interval prolongation mean?

A

1st degree AV block

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6
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

depolarization of ventricles

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7
Q

what does a wider QRS complex mean?

A

abnormality
could be caused by hyperkalemia or ventricular hypertrophy

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8
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

what is the Q-T interval?

A

begins at the start of the QRS complex and finishes at the end of the T-wave

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10
Q

what does the Q-T interval represent?

A

time for ventricles to depolarize and then repolarize

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11
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

normal HR with an increase on inspiration and a decrease on expiration

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12
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

lack of P waves, can have rates up to 600 bpm
represents severe heart disease with atrial enlargment

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13
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

life-threatening, wide/bizarre QRS complexes without P waves and with tachycardia (HR > 180bpm)
shockable rhythm

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14
Q

ventricular premature contractions (VPCs)

A

premature P waves, many possible causes (electrolyte abnormalities, systemic disease, cardiac disease)

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15
Q

what do atria contain?

A

auricles
blind pouches (“ear flaps”)

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16
Q

which side is the tricuspid valve on?

A

right side

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17
Q

which side is the mitral valve on?

A

left side

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18
Q

cardiac cycle

A

1 cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation
1 heartbeat

19
Q

what type of charge does the heart muscle have at rest?

A

muscle is polarized at rest

20
Q

depolarization

A

contraction

21
Q

where are sodium and calcium ions located? (cardiovascular)

A

the outer membrane of the cell

22
Q

where are potassium ions located? (cardiovascular)

A

inside the cell

23
Q

what happens to the ions during depolarization?

A

sodium and calcium ions move through channels in the cell membrane to the interior
potassium ions move through channels in the cell membrane to the exterior

24
Q

repolarization

A

relaxation

25
Q

what happens to the ions during repolarization?

A

ions are on the wrong sides of the cell membrane so they return to their original location

26
Q

where is the cardiovascular conduction impulse generated and where does it go?

A

generated from the SA node at the base, to the apex, and back up to the base
passes through the muscle fibers of the atrial walls in a wavelike fashion
SA node —> AV node —> bundle of His —> Purkinje fibers

27
Q

systole

A

myocardial contraction and depolarization
working phase of the cycle where muscle cells are depolarized

28
Q

what happens during systole?

A

cardiac chamber empties itself of blood

29
Q

diastole

A

myocardial relaxation and repolarization

30
Q

what happens during diastole?

A

chambers fill with blood

31
Q

where can normal heart sounds be best heard?

A

left side near the elbow

32
Q

lub heart sound

A

tricuspid and mitral valves closing after atrial systole

33
Q

dub heart sound

A

pulmonary and aortic valves close after ventricular systole

34
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time (usually 1 minute)

35
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during 1 contraction
represents the strength of the heart beat

36
Q

preload

A

volume of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium

37
Q

afterload

A

physical resistance presented by the artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

38
Q

pulse

A

rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries as blood is through them

39
Q

dog/cat pulse point

A

femoral artery

40
Q

cow pulse points

A

coccygeal artery and facial artery

41
Q

horse pulse point

A

mandibular artery and posterior digital artery

42
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure during 1 cardiac cycle
indicates tissue perfusion during anesthesia

43
Q

oscillometric blood pressure

A

method using a cuff and arterial pulse is detected electronically

44
Q

doppler blood pressure

A

method using a cuff, a small ultrasound probe, and a sphygmomanometer

Capstone (18 decks)

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