Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Systemic Pathology > Cardiovascular System Pathologies > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Pathologies Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Persistant elevation of diastolic, systolic, or both pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypertension

Why should blood be tested on two seperate occasions? How far apart should pressure be tested?

A
  • To show sustained elevation of pressure
  • Test two weeks apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cause of primary hypertension?
Secondary?

A
  • Primary: Idiopathic
  • Secondary: Identifiable cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathogenesis

What is blood pressure related to?

(BP = CO x TPR)

A

Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are contributing factors to hypertension?

A
  • Abnormal sodium transport
  • Sympathetic nervous system stimulatin
  • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Vasodilator deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the pathological changes to early HTN

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pathological changes to late HTN

A
  • End-organ damage
  • CV system, brain, kidneys
  • Acceleration of atherosclerosis dev.
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can hypertension be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is congenital heart defect defined?

A

Defect involving the heart or large vessels present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which trimester do congenital heart defects develop?

A

First trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Congenital heart defect causes

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Environmental
  • Genetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of congenital heart defects?

A

Variable depending on severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common congenital heart disease?

A

Septal defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a septum defect defined as?

A

Defect in the septum b/w left and right side of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does a defect occur in a atrial septal defect?

A

foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is more common atrial or ventricular septal defect?
Which is more serious?

A

Ventricular more common and more serious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

Explain the difference in pressures b/w left and right heart chambers for a ventricular septal defect

A

Pressure in left heart chamber exceeds pressure in right heart chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

What is a left-to-right shunt?

A

Blood flows from left to right side of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ventricular septal defect?

What occurs due to the left-to-right shunt and blood flowing into right side of heart?

A

Overburdens right side leading to right ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

What happens to pulmonary arteries due to increased flow of blood?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ventricular septal defect

what happens after right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension occurs?

A

Increased pressure on right side of heart causing right-to-left shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ventricular septal defect

What does the right-to-left shunt cause?

A

Deoxygenated blood flowing into left side of heart leading to cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ventricular septal defect

Clinical manifestations to VSD?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • heart murmur
  • cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ventricular septal defect

Treatment of VSD

A
  • Self-limiting
  • surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
A complex congenital defect of the heart and major vessels
26
What is tetralogy of fallot the most common cause of?
* neonatal cardiac cyanosis * 10% of congenital heart defects
27
What are the four abnormalities that make up tetralogy of fallot?
1. Stenosis of pulmonary valve 2. Ventricular septal defect 3. Overriding of aorta 4. Hypertrophy of right ventricle
28
# Tetralogy of fallor What does the stenosis of pulmonary artery cause?
* limit blood that can enter lungs * Right ventricle needs to work harder
29
# Tetralogy of fallot What happens when RV pumps harder?
Blood shunted through septal defect into aorta and LV
30
# Tetralogy of fallot What occurs due to aorta overriding septum?
Deoxygenated blood goes into systemic circulation
31
# Tetralogy of fallot Clinical manifestations
* Cyanosis * Heart murmur * failure to thrive
32
Treatment and prognosis of tetralogy of fallot
* Treatment: Surgery * Prognosis: Good
33
What is rheumatic fever?
* Systemic disease related to infection by group A streptococcal
34
Why is the incidence of rheumatic fever decreasing
* Antibiotics * More effiecient treatment of bacterial infections
35
When does rheumatic fever usually occur?
* Around 2 weeks after acute strep throat
36
During rheumatic fever, antibodies produced by the immune system do what? | Antibodies developed in response to strep infection
* Attack self-antigens of heart, brain, kidneys, muscles, joints
37
Rheumatic heart disease occurs in 50% of rheumatic fever cases. What does this look like?
scarring and deformity of heart valves
38
Clinical manifestation of Rheumatic fever
1. Sydenhams Chorea (St. Vitus Dance) 2. SOB 3. Nocturnal cough 4. Subcutaneous nodules 5. Erythema marginatum (50%)
39
# Rheumatic Heart disease What is Pancarditis
Involvement of all layers of heart
40
# Rheumatic heart disease Match the follow terms with the terms below: * Endocarditis * Myocarditis * Pericarditis ## Footnote Most common, common, rare
* Most common: Endocarditis * Common: Myocarditis * Rare: Pericarditis
41
Treatment of rheumatic fever?
* Antibiotics * Anti-inflammatories * corticosteroids * CNS depressants * Surgery
42
Prognosis of Rheumatic Fever
* 20% of cases will reoccur within 5 years * May cause long term heart damage * low mortality
43
What is endocarditis
Infection of endocardium, including heart valves
44
Where does damage occur most from endocarditis
Mitral valve
45
Who has a higher chance of getting right-sided endocarditis?
IV drug users
46
Endocarditis risk factors?
* Damaged valves * Prosthetic heart valves * IV drug users * Immunocomprimised
47
# Endocarditis When infection occurs, what is the result?
Inflammation and destruction of endocardium and CT
48
What is the role of microorganisms in endocarditis?
Adhere to surface and release lytic enzymes that further erode valves
49
# Endocarditis What covers the defect in surface endocardium? What does this covering do?
* Fibrin and platelet thrombi * attract more thrombogenic material
50
# Endocarditis What do the small wartlike vegetation structures that grow cause?
Verrucous endocarditis
51
# Endocarditis If valves rupture, what could occur?
Regurgitation
52
How quick can endocarditis develop?
Variable - insidously, over months, of immediately
53
# Endocarditis If infected vegetations break off, what could occur?
Septic emboli that can effect brain, kidneys, extermities
54
How does acute bacterial endocarditis present?
acute febrile illness of sudden onset
55
How does subacute bacterial endocarditis present?
mild temperature elevations that wax and wane
56
What is the prognosis for endocarditis?
* Fatal if untreated * Poor prognosis in older people
57
What is myocarditis?
Chronic or acute inflammatory condition of muscular walls of heart
58
What is myocarditis also known as?
* * Acquired inflammatory cardiomyopathy
59
What are the active, healing, and healed stages of myocarditis characterized by?
Inflammatory cells leading to interstitial edema, focal necrosis, fibrosis
60
Can ventricular arrythmias arise from myocarditis?
Yes
61
What are the medications used in myocardis
* antibiotics - bacteria infections * cardiac medications - improve CO/reduce arrythmia * Corticosteroids for patients w/ lupus carditis
62
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
63
Etiology of pericarditis
* Most often viral infections * bacterial/fungal infections * drugs * autoimmune * infarcts * heart failure complications
64
Peridcarditis symptoms
* chest pain * fever * dyspnea
65
Pericarditis complications
* myocarditis * cardiac tamponade * heart failure
66
What is cardiomyopathy
* Group of conditions affecting heart muscles which impair contraction/relaxation
67
# Cardiomyopathy classifications * Primary * Secondary
* * Primary: genetic, mixed, confined to heart muscle * Secondary: Systemic conditions affecting heart + other tissues
68
69
Which population does dilated cardiomyopathy mostly affect?
* Black men aged 40-60
70
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
* 50% idiopathic * obesity, alcohol, smoking, hypertension
71
72
Cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
* Inherited chromosomal abnormality
73
What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy commonly cause?
* cardiac death in young competitive athletes
74
Cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
* Result of myocardial fibrosis

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions