Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Systemic Pathology > Class 8 - Respiratory 4 > Flashcards

Class 8 - Respiratory 4 Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Defect in visceral pleura or chest wall causing air or gas accumulation in pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Result of pneumothorax

A

Collapse of lung (atelectasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary/secondary pneumothorax causes

A

Primary: idiopathic
Secondary: COPD, CF, lung pathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pneumothorax Incidence and Risk factors

A
  • men 5 more likely (any age)
  • smoking
  • iatrogenic or non-iatrogenic trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pneumothorax Pathogenesis

A
  • Air enters pleural cavity
  • Pleura separation destorys negative pressure and lung collapses towards hulum
  • Mediastinal shift towards unaffected side which compresses opposite lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A

Due to blebs and bullae or due to TB, lung abscess or other lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Traumatic Pneumothorax

A

occurs following penetrating or non-penetrating chest trauma (rib fracture, stab, bullet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Iatrogenic Pneumothorax

A

occurs during medical procedure (biopsy, CPR, etc.) – is considered to be traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Open pneumothorax

A

traumatic type that occurs when air is drawn into lungs upon inspiration and forced out upon expiration

AKA Sucking chest wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Significant respiratory impairment or issues with blood circulation. This is a medical emergency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pneumothorax clinical manifestation

A

dyspnea, sharp chest pain, low blood pressure or weak pulse, techypenia, tracheal devation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pneumothorax diagnosis

A

History, chest films

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pneumothorax treatment

A

Oxygen, defect repair, chest tube, asherman seal, watch and wait to heal, pleurodesis (remove pleural cavity - cause it to scar together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pneumothorax Prognosis

A

Good, recurrence likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pleurisy aka pleuritis

A
  • Inflammation of pleura caused by infection (viral), injury, tumour
  • can be idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pleurisy clinical manifestation

A
  • Sudden development
  • pain while breathing, cough
  • cough, fever, sob, tachypnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pleurisy treatment

A
  • aspirin, nsaids, antibiotics
  • thoracentesis if effusion present - take fluid out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Increased fluid (blood, pus, serous fluid, urine) b/w visceral and parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pleural effusion pathogenesis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • secondary to pathologies causing pleural edema
  • Increased secretion of fluid or decreased drainage (CHF, kidney/liver disease, malignancy, etc..)
20
Q

Pleural effusion clinical manifestation

Study These Flashcards
A

Depends on fluid amount, degree of lung compression, heart condition

21
Q

Pleural Effusion diagnosis and treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

Diagnosis: history, imaging, biopsy
Treatment - may not be required - maybe drainage
Prognosis depends on underlying disease

22
Q

Ventilatory failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Secondary to alveolar hypoventilation
(gas not exchanged properly in lungs)

23
Q

Ventilatory failure conditions can affect?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • mechanical respiration
  • lung circulation
  • airways
  • gas exchange
24
Q

Ventilatory failure Neural control of respiration

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Respiratory centers in the brainstem have chemoreceptors to
    measure the content of carbon dioxide
  • Brainstem lesions can depress spontaneous breathing
25
Ventilatory failure respiratory muscles
Can become dysfunctional under several conditions -- affect nerves, NMJ, or muscles themselves
26
Poliomyelitis | VENTILATORY FAILURE Respiratory muscles
Affects the spinal cord can cause respiratory paralysis
27
Spinal Cord Injury | VENTILATORY FAILURE Respiratory muscles
Damages the nerves
28
Tetanus toxin | VENTILATORY FAILURE Respiratory muscles
muscle spasm
29
Myasthenia gravis | VENTILATORY FAILURE Respiratory muscles
affects the NMJ to cause depression in breathing
30
Muscular dystrophy | VENTILATORY FAILURE Respiratory muscles
esp. in duchennes -- causes muscle wasting and respiratory muscle failure
31
VENTILATORY FAILURE Chest wall lesions
* Restrict lung expansion during inspiration * Due to deformities of chest cage (kyphoscoliosis), pleural fibrosis, pleural tumours, extreme obesity
32
VENTILATORY FAILURE Airway pathologies
E.g. CF (with bronchial mucus plugs), COPD, asthma, etc.
33
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | ARDS
Changes that occur in the lungs that cause acute respiratory failure
34
ARDS Causes
* Shock - trauma, burns * Pneumonia * Toxic Lung injury - fumes, drugs * Aspiration of fluids (drowning)
35
ARDS Etiology and Pathogenesis
* Can result from various conditions * Involves injury to endothelial cells in pulmonary capillaries or alveolar lining cells * Affects alveolar walls, severely impairing gas exchange * Leads to hypoxia due to poor blood oxygenation * Untreated cases may cause fatal systemic issues like shock, sepsis, SIRS, or respiratory acidosis * Associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
36
LUNG CANCER AKA bronchogenic carcinoma
* A malignancy of the respiratory tract epithelium * Most cases of lung cancer are primary tumors
37
Lung Cancer epidemiology
* Leading cause of cancer death globally for both men and women * One of the top preventable causes of death worldwide * Causes more deaths than colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined * Up to 90% of cases linked to cigarette smoking * Typically diagnosed after age 50 * Five-year survival rate is 10-15%, as half of cases are stage IV at diagnosis
38
Lung Cancer Etiology and Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking (especially over 20 per day) Occupational and environmental exposures Industrial living Age and family history Asbestos and radon gas exposure
39
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)/Oat Cell
* Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 20% of all lung cancers * Highly aggressive and predominantly occurs in smokers * Rapid growth; about 60% of patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis * Small cell cancer can also occur in non-lung tissues (e.g., cervix, prostate)
40
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
* Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancers * Types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (most common), and large cell carcinoma * Most lung cancers in non-smokers are NSCLC * Clinical behavior varies by histologic type; around 40% of cases show metastatic disease at diagnosis
41
Lung Cancer Pathogenesis 1
* Tobacco smoke contains various chemicals that act as primary carcinogens * DNA-mutating agents activate oncogenes, deactivate tumor suppressor genes, and mutate genes involved in detoxification (oxidative stress) and DNA repai
42
Lung Cancer Pathogenesis 2
* Lung cancer is highly invasive and metastasizes early * It spreads to the mediastinum, pleural cavity, and lymph nodes * Distant metastasis commonly occurs to the liver, brain, bones, kidneys, and adrenal glands
43
LUNG CANCER Clinical Manifestation 1
* Local tumor extension into the mediastinum or pleural cavity can cause mass effect * Leads to obstruction, resulting in atelectasis and lung infection * Can cause pleural effusion * Progressive dyspnea due to lung compression * May cause pain and paralysis of diaphragm and vocal cord muscles
44
Lung Cancer Clinical Manifestation 2
* Hemoptysis * Cachexia * Shortness of breath (SOB) * Cough * Anorexia * Paraneoplastic syndromes * Digital clubbing
45
Lung Cancer clinical manifestation 3
* Liver: Causes hepatomegaly * Brain: Leads to neurologic symptoms and high mortality * Bone: Results in fractures and pain * Adrenal glands: Affected by metastasis as wel
46
LUNG CANCER Management
* Diagnosis: Chest x-ray and biopsy (most reliable) * CT scans: 95% false positive rate * Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation * Prognosis: Very poor * Prevention: Crucial for reducing risk

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions