class 2

Question 1

What is mitral regurgitation?

Answer 1

incompetency of mitral valve causing backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

Question 2

What is mitral stenosis

Answer 2

Narrowing of mitral valve impeding blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Question 3

What is aortic regurgitation

Answer 3

incompetency of aortic valve causing backflow from aorta to left ventricle

Question 4

What is aortic stenosis

Answer 4

Norrowing of aortic valve obstructing blood flowfrom left ventricle to ascending aorta

Question 5

What is Ischemic heart disease

Answer 5

disorder of heart due to insufficient blood supply

Question 6

What is congestive heart failure

Answer 6

slow narrowing of coronary arteries causing hypoperfusion of myocardium and pump failure

Question 6

What is leading cause of death worldwide

Answer 6

ischemic heart disease

Question 7

What can cause infarct

Answer 7

sudden occlusion of a major coronary artery causing infarct

Question 8

What is stable angina described as

Answer 8

crushing chest pain, precipitated by exercise or strain

Question 9

What causes angina?

Answer 9

any condition that alters:
* blood supply to myocardium
* blood requirements of myocardium

Question 10

pathogenesis of angina

Answer 10

narrowed or obstructed blood vessels limit blood supply

Question 11

What is Chronic stable angina

Answer 11

• Preceded by exercise or stress
• relieved by stress or nitroglycerin
• Classic exertional angina

Question 12

Prinzmetals angina

vasospastic or varient angina

Answer 12

• similar to typical angina
• caused by coronary artery spasm
• Usually occurs in morning - not related to exertion

Question 13

Decubitus angina

Resting angina

Answer 13

• Atypical
• Occurs when lying down
• more prevalent in women

Question 14

Unstable angina

Answer 14

• Residual ischemia triggers angina
• unpredictable

Question 15

Treatment for angina

Answer 15

Medication

Question 16

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 16

Development of ischemia with resultant necrosis of
myocardial tissue

Question 17

What causes a myocardial infarction

Answer 17

Due to occlusion of a coronary artery

Question 18

How often can death occur for myocardial infarction

Answer 18

Death occurs in 25% of cases due to arrhythmia
(ventricular fibrillation), heart block, pump failure,
asystole (cardiac arrest)

Question 19

Treatment for myocardial infarction?

Answer 19

Treatment – medications, surgery
⬧ Resuscitation must be immediate or death will
occur

Question 20

What can myocardial infarction lead to?

Answer 20

Can lead to cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock,
multisystem organ failure (brain, kidneys), myocardial
rupture (cardiac aneurysm), mural thrombi

Question 21

What is congestive heart failure?

Answer 21

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump
sufficient blood to supply the body’s needs

Question 22

Which side does Congestive heart failure mostly affect?

Answer 22

Failure can occur on left or right, but predominantly
affects the left
⬧ Can be chronic or acute

Question 23

What is most common cause of hospitalization in the elderly?

Answer 23

Congestive heart disease

Question 24

Pathogenesis of CHF

Answer 24

⬧“Failing” heart keeps working, but is less effective ⬧Inability to pump blood out of heart decreases blood returning to the heart

Question 25

Pathogenesis CHF #2

Answer 25

⬧Inability to pump blood out of heart increases blood in the chambers and lungs ⬧Decreased peripheral blood flow causes kidney to release renin

Question 26

Pathogenesis CHF #3

Answer 26

⬧Left ventricle pumps harder to try to get more blood to tissues, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy ⬧Coronary arteries cannot meet demand of overworked heart ⬧Positive feed back loop

Question 27

CHF treatment

Answer 27

⬧Diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications ⬧Medications

Question 28

What is COR PULMONALE

Answer 28

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to a lung disorder. Right ventricular heart failure follows.

Question 29

Cor Pulmonale Etiology | (Chronic and Acute)

Answer 29

⬧Chronic cor pulmonale is usually caused by COPD. ⬧Acute is caused by pulmonary embolism

Question 30

Cor Pulmonale Pathogenesis

Answer 30

⬧Pulmonary disorders lead to hypertension in pulmonary artery ⬧Blood backs up in RV ⬧RV dilates and hypertrophies ⬧RV fails

Question 31

Cor Pulmonale Clinical Manifestation

Answer 31

⬧Asymptomatic ⬧Dyspnea ⬧Exertional fatigue ⬧Heart murmurs ⬧LE edema

Question 32

Cor Pulmonale Diagnosis and Treatment

Answer 32

**Diagnosis** ⬧ History ⬧ Examination ⬧ ECHO **Treatment** ⬧ Medications

Question 33

What is a Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 33

occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries by thrombi that originate elsewhere, typically in the large veins (DVT) of the lower extremities or pelvis,

Question 34

Pulmonary Embolism Etiology

Answer 34

DVT – iliofemoral (50%), deep calf veins (5%), subclavian vein (20%)

Question 35

Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Manifestation

Answer 35

⬧Asymptomatic ⬧Cardiac arrest ⬧Dyspnea ⬧Chest pain ⬧Apprehension ⬧Cough ⬧Tachypnea

Question 36

Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis

Answer 36

⬧History and S&S ⬧Rule out other pathologies ⬧Imaging as a last resort

Question 37

Pulmonary Embolism Prevention and Treatment

Answer 37

Medications

Question 38

Pulmonary Embolism Prognosis

Answer 38

Variable ⬧ Mortality ranges from 0.5% if treated early to 25% if untreated

Question 39

How is a disrhythmia caused?

Answer 39

abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation, abnormal conduction of electrical signal, tissue death

Question 40

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 40

⬧The most common chronic arrhythmia ⬧Rapid, involuntary irregular muscle contraction of atrial myocardium ⬧Blood remains in atria after contraction

Question 41

Ventricular Fibrillation

Answer 41

uncoordinated muscular contractions of the ventricular muscle ⬧Frequent cause of cardiac arrest ⬧Treatment includes depolarizing the muscle

Question 42

Heart Block (AV Block)

Answer 42

⬧Interruption in passage of impulses through the heart’s electrical system ⬧May occur because SA misfires or because impulses are not transmitted properly

Question 43

Paroxysmal Tachycardia

Answer 43

⬧An abnormally rapid heart rate that begins and ends suddenly

Question 44

Ectopic Beats

Answer 44

⬧An electrical activation of the heart that originates outside the SA node.