Class 3 - Cardiovascular

Question 1

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

Thickening/loss of elasticity of arterial walls. “Hardening”

Question 2

Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

Middle layer of artery destruction and formation of calcium deposits. Age related (old).

Question 3

Arteriolosclerosis

Answer 3

Thickening of walls of arterioles. Hypertension related.

Question 4

Atherosclerosis

Answer 4

Thickening of arterial wall. Formation of plaque and narrowing of arterial lumen. Body sends macrophages to the area, which get stuck. M/c type

Question 5

Atherosclerosis Complicated lesion

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis buildup eventually can cause surface defect which leads to thrombosis/embolism.

Question 6

Coronary artery disease

Answer 6

Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

Question 7

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 7

atherosclerosis of arteries supplying extremities/organs

Question 8

Cerebrovascular disease

Answer 8

atherosclerosis of arteries that supply brain

Question 9

Atherosclerosis Clinical manifestation

Answer 9

Asymptomatic, ischemia, infarct

Question 10

Atherosclerosis etiology/risk factors

Answer 10

high cholesterol, high BP, obesity, genetics, smoking, age, diabetes

Question 11

Atherosclerosis Diagnosis

Answer 11

Cholesterol check, angiogram, ECHO, stress test, US, MRI

Question 12

Atherosclerosis Treatment

Answer 12

Modify/reduce risk factors, exercise, medications

Exercise good longterm

Question 13

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Answer 13

narrowing of circulatory system outside brain/heart

Question 14

Peripheral Vascular Disease Incidence

Answer 14

Increases with age (>50), Men > women

Question 15

PVD location

Answer 15

More common in LE

Question 16

PVD etiology

Answer 16

M/c result of atherosclerosis

Question 17

PVD Symptoms

Answer 17

Intermittent claudication (lack of blood), pain, cyanosis, fatigue, gangrene, cold extremities

Question 18

Vasculitis

Answer 18

Inflammation of blood vessel

Question 19

Arteritis

Answer 19

Inflammation of artery

Question 20

Infective arteritis

Answer 20

Inflammation of artery due to infection

Question 21

Rheumatoid arteritis

Answer 21

Inflammation of artery associated w/ RF/RHD

Question 22

Giant Cell Arteritis (temporal arteritis)

Answer 22

Vasculitis involving multiple sites of temporal/cranial arteries

Question 23

Giant Cell Arteritis Incidence and Risk factors

Answer 23

M/c in US, Women > men, SLE and RA related

Question 24

Giant Cell Arteritis Etiology

Answer 24

Idiopathic, multifactorial, genetic, infectious, hormonal

Question 25

Giant Cell Arteritis Clinical Manifestation

Answer 25

Sudden onset, throbbing headache, visual disturbances (ophthalmic artery), polymyalgia, heart murmur, enlarged temporal artery, jaw/tongue claudication

Question 26

Giant Cell Arteritis Diagnosis

Answer 26

Based on symptoms, palpation, blood tests, biopsy

Question 27

Giant Cell Arteritis Treatment/Prognosis

Answer 27

Anti-inflammatories and corticosteroids. May lead to blindness if untreated

Question 28

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)

Answer 28

Vasculitis affecting peripheral blood vessels in distal extremities

Question 29

Thromboangiitis Obliterans Etiology/Risk Factors

Answer 29

Idiopathic. Men who smoke > women

Question 30

Thromboangiitis Obliterans Pathogenesis

Answer 30

Inflammatory lesions leads to thrombus formation and occlusion. Eventually obliterates small/medium vessels in feet/hands | (lack of blood flow to fingers and toes)

Question 31

Thromboangiitis Obliterans Clinical Manifestation

Answer 31

Intermittent claudication, pain, edema, cold sensitivity, cyanosis

Question 32

Thromboangiitis Obliterans Complications

Answer 32

Ulcerations, Gangrene

Question 33

Thromboangiitis Obliterans Treatment/Prognosis

Answer 33

Cessation of smoking, increase circulation, medication, amputation

Question 34

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Answer 34

Systemic inflammation and necrotic lesions in the arterial system. Damaging organs, mm, joints, skin - not lungs

Question 35

Polyarteritis Nodosa Etiology

Answer 35

Idiopathic

Question 36

Polyarteritis Nodosa Clinical Manifestation

Answer 36

aneurysms in affected arteries, subcutaneous nodules, rash, muscle/joint pain

Question 37

Polyarteritis Nodosa Diagnosis

Answer 37

Blood test, imaging, biopsy

Question 38

Polyarteritis Nodosa Treatment

Answer 38

Medication

Question 39

Polyarteritis Nodosa Prognosis

Answer 39

Poor without treatment, good with treatment

Question 40

Aneurysm

Answer 40

Abnormal stretching in wall of blood vessel over 50% greater than normal

Question 41

Aneurysm Classification

Answer 41

Based on location, pathology, type of vessel

Question 42

Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 42

M/c site is abdominal > thoracic

Question 43

Thoracic Aneurysm

Answer 43

Involves ascending, transverse, or first part of descending aorta

Question 44

Abdominal Aneurysm

Answer 44

Aorta b/w renal arteries and iliac branches

Question 45

Mycotic Aneurysm

Answer 45

Caused by bacteria or fungal, salmonella or syphilis

Question 46

Atherosclerotic Aneurysm

Answer 46

Build up of fatty deposits inner walls of arteries

Question 47

Aneurysm Etiology/Risk factors

Answer 47

Age, congenital connective tissue weakness, genetics

Question 48

Aneurysm Pathogenesis

Answer 48

Plaque formation erodes vessel wall predisposing vessel to stretching and formation of a sac

Question 49

Aneurysm Diagnosis

Answer 49

CT (done with dye), palpation

Question 50

Aneurysm Clinical Manifestation

Answer 50

Variable, asymptomatic, pain, dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, edema, distended neck veins

Question 51

Aneurysm Treatment

Answer 51

Watch/wait, surgery, medication

Question 52

Aneurysm Prognosis

Answer 52

Poor