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VETS 2011 structure and function > cardiovascular theory > Flashcards

cardiovascular theory Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

cardiovascular system order of things starting at left atrium

A

left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
tissues
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium

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2
Q

auricular surface

A

left

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3
Q

atrial surface

A

right

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4
Q

left coronary artery

A

paraconal artery

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5
Q

right coronary artery

A

subsinosal artery

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6
Q

pericardium 2 layers

A

visceral, inner, also outermost layer of heart

parietal outer layer

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7
Q

right AV valve

A

tricuspid

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8
Q

left AV valve

A

bicuspid (mitral)

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9
Q

Each valves has _____ that keeps the hole the same size; doesn’t permit valve opening to get bigger

what is a thickening of this?
what happens in cow

A

annuli fibrosi

fibrous trigone

becomes ossified

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10
Q

ECG

A

P wave= atrial depolarization
QRS complex/wave = ventricle depolarization
T wave= ventricle repolarization

When they are depolarized they contract, then they repolarize and so on

Atrial repolarization gets obscured in QRS wave so you don’t see it

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11
Q

what node does parasympathetic effect?

sympathetic?

A

Vagus is parasympathetic- slow it down- effect the AV node

Sympathetic come down spine, come out around C6-T1, effect SA node, speed it up

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12
Q

3 layers of heart

A

inner is endocardium

myocardium

outer is epicardium = visceral pericardium

then have parietal pericardium

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13
Q

describe the cardiacc muscle cells (myocardium)

A
  • cross striated
  • central nucleus w perinuclear clear zone
  • electrically coupled by intercalated discs
  • form branching and anastomosing fibers
  • endomysium= connective tissue sheath
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14
Q

canine have what heart lig

equine have what heart lig

A

phrenicopericardial lig

sternopericardial lig

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15
Q

blood vessels from out to in

A

Tunica adventitia
External elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica intima which contains (out to in)
- Internal elastic lamina
- Subendothelial CT
- endothelium

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16
Q

5 types of capillaries (get increasingly leaky)

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoidal
  • sinusoids
  • sinuses
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17
Q

tunica adventitia in vein vs artery

tunica media in artery vs vein

A

Tunica adventitia of vein more pronounced

Tunica media or artery more pronounced

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18
Q

elastic arteries store kinetic energy from ____

A

systole

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19
Q

____ provides resistance to pulse pressure for capillaries

A

arterioles

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20
Q

Pressure when it hits capillaries is rlly low, how do we get blood back to heart?
3 mechanisms:

A

1) Cardiac pump; A bit of residual pressure (the remaining pressure after capillaries) called the cardiac pump

2) muscular pump; muscles (in limbs) push against vessels and squeeze them, and bc of valves the blood can only go one way, back to heart (good to get up and move around)

3) Respiratory pump; negative pressure in thorax, sucks blood back

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21
Q

what does blood isalnds refer to

A

the splanchnic mesoderm becomes blood islands where cells on inside become RBCs and cells on outside become blood vessels

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22
Q

describe the arches differentiating during development

A
  • Arches differentiate and become the blood vessels
    Formation of blood vessels
  • initially has dorsal and ventral aorta and 6 aortic arches
  • arches 1, 2, 5 disappear
  • 3 plus remains of dorsal aorta becomes internal carotid artery, plus remains of ventral aorta becomes external carotid artery
  • left side of 4 arch gives aorta, right side becomes brachiocephalic trunk then right subclavian artery
  • left side of 6 arch gives left and right pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
    sometimes right side can form aortic arch instead of left side, so will have remnant of left aortic arch, so restricts the oesophagus
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23
Q

describe persistant right aortic arch

A

Sometimes nature messes up
So instead of the left side becoming the
aortic arch, and the right side having a brachiocephalic trunk (normal)

this time the right side develops as the aortic arch, and the brachiocephalic trunk sort of comes off that.

When it does this we get the remnant of LHS means which is the ligament of left dorsal aortic root, which gives blood vessels around the esophagus completely which can constrict it- condition called persistent right aortic arch, surgery it just cutting the ligament and tie it off

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24
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

This is a blood vessel that connects an artery and a vein directly, bypassing a capillaries, This is important in thermoregulation of the skin, hoof of a horse, ear of a rabbit and tongue of the dog

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25
vasa vasorum
blood vessels that supply bigger blood vessels (when you get thicker blood vessels, they themselves need to be nourished)
26
bronchial circulation in pigs, carnivores, ruminants and in horse (nutritional supply of lungs ie supplying/ draining the the lungs themselves)
for pigs carnivores and ruminants MOST goes - bronchial drainage to heart --> azygous vein --> right atrium but for some of pigs and carnivores and ALL for horses go - bronchial drainage to heart --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium this means In horses at peak exercise can get arterial hypoxemia - insufficient oxygenation in lungs at peak exercise- bc some blood in left circulation is not oxygenated
27
describe collateral circulation, anatomical end artery, functional end artery
Collateral circulation is alternative blood flow through nearby vessels an anatomical end artery has no anastomoses a functional end artery has limited anastomoses butt insufficient to supply tissue if blocked
28
describe coronary circulation what type or arteries
L coronary a supplies left chambers R coronary a supplies right chambers venous drainage: great coronary vein --> R atrium thebesian veins --> all 4 chambers functional end arteries
29
nutritional supply to lungs (supplying lungs themselves)
broncho-oesophageal artery to bronchial artery to capillary bed
30
what happens during development
- Foramen ovale → Fossa ovalis (blood can no longer move from the right to left atrium) - Umbilical artery → round ligament of bladder - Umbilical vein → round and falciform ligament of liver - Ductus arteriousus → ligamentum arteriosum (no longer by passes the lung) - Ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum (no longer by passes the liver)
31
functions of the cardiovascular system
transport nutrients to tissues transport hormones transport waste dissipate heat immune response maintain homeostasis
32
arteries have ___ walls, transport blood under ____ pressure
thick high
33
right atria receives ____ blood from the _____
deoxygenated vena cava
34
which is a high pressure pump: right or left ventircle
left
35
left atria receives ____ blood from ____
oxygenated pulmonary vein
36
do the ventricles eject the same amount of blood
yes
37
mitral valve
left 2 cusps
37
38
same the semilunar valves
pulmonary valve (right) aortic valve (left)
39
when ventricles contract _____ snaps shut
AV valve
40
coronary circulation receives ___% of resting cardiac output
5
41
left and right coronary arteries drain into _____ into right atrium
coronary sinus
42
______ veins drain the ventricular wall
thebesian
43
the cardiac cycle phases
phase 1: inflow phase (diastole) AV open SL closed ventricles fills with blood, atrial contraction at the v end of diastole, tops up ventricle phase 2: isovolumetric contraction (systole) AV closes so both valves closed, no blood flow ventricles contract, causes AV valve to shut, lub phase 3: outflow phase (systole) SL opens, AV closed ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure pushes SL open and blood flows into aorta, when aortic pressure is greater again then SL snaps shut, dub phase 4: isovolumetric relaxation (diastole) SL closed so both valves closed, no blood flow SL valves shut, ventricles relax, pressure falls in ventricle
44
cardiac output
quantity of blood pumped by heart each minute CO = stroke volume x HR
45
what are 3 factors of stroke volume
preload afterload cardiac contractility
46
preload
amount of ventricular wall stretch immediately prior to contraction
47
what is the primary controller of cardiac output
preload
48
what is preload largely dependent on what is it directly proportional to
venous return end diastolic volume
49
frank starlings law
heart pumps automatically the amount of blood that returns to right atrium (more cardiac myocytes stretched, greater contraction)
50
afterload
amount of tension the contracting ventricle must produce to open SL valves
51
afterload is proportional to
end systolic volume
52
what controls heart rate
sinus node affected by ANS
53
6 perfusion parameters
heart rate mucous membranes CRT pulse quality peripheral temp mentation
54
sympathetic ___ HR
increases
55
where do u feel HR on small animals? large animals?
small: femoral or dorsal pedal large: submandibular or facial
56
causes of circulatory shock
1) cardiogenic; failure of cardiac pump 2) hypovolemia; loss of intravascular volume 3) obstructive; obstruction to venous return 4) distributive; maldistribution of blood
57
how body compensates for shock
body attempts to restore core tissue perfusion and oxygenation activation of sympathetic; release catecholamines peripheral vasoconstriction tachycardia increase contractility activation of RAAS
58
cardiac vs skeletas muscle
- cardiac action potential NOT initiated by nervous activity - it arises from pacemaker cells - cardiac contraction is lot longer
59
pacemaker triggers action potenial which propogates through the myocytes, when the threshold potential of myocyte reached what channels open
fast sodium channels--> triggers action potential
60
what happens as action potentials spread through cardiac muscle
calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules, adds to strength of cardiac muscle contraction
61
what strengthens contraction
calcium
62
so fast sodium channels activate action potentials, what do slow calcium channels do
prolong the action potential
63
phases of action potenial
phase 0: depolarization; fast sodium channels open phase 1; initial repolarization; fast sodium channels close, fast K channels open phase 2; plateau; calcium channels open and fast K channels close phase 3; rapid repolarization; calcium channels close and slow K channels open phase 4; restoration of resting membrane potential
64
premature contractions
extra heart beats, normal
65
how does SA node occur over and over again
funny current; activated by hyper polarization, constant slow leak of Na, pacemaker cells never really at resting
66
do all conductive tissues other than SA node have ability to intiate action potential
yes, SA is just fastest
67
P wave
atrial depolarization
68
QRS wave
ventricular depolarization
69
T wave=
ventricular repolarization
70
where do the cords go
dog laying on right side white is right right on the bottom (snow) black opposite white xmas at end of year (red and green) grass in on bottom
71
if action potential is moving towards the pos electrode then the deflection on ECG is
positive
72
arrhythmias
any change in cardiac rhythm
73
hyperkalaemia hypokalaemia
high levels of K, leads to bradycardia low K, faster heart rate
74
1st, 2nd, 3rd degree AV block
1st: prolonged P-R interval 2nd; P wave not followed by QRS 3rd; complete block, atrial/ventricular dissociation, atrial rate fast, ventricular rate flow
75
hypocalcaemia hypercalceimia
low ca, lower contractility high ca, spastic contraction
76
atrial premature depolarization
P wave early
77
atrial fibrillation
no P wave --> f wave irregular QRS tachycardia
78
ventricular premature depolarization
QRS early, bizarre
79
ventricular fibrillation
cardiac arrest, need defibrillator
80
name 4 heart sounds
S1; AV valve closure- S S2; semi-lunar valve closure-S S3; rapid diastolic filling of ventricle-D S4; atrial contraction-D
81
2 physiologic murmurs
ejection anemia
82
3 pathologic murmurs
valvular regurgitation (valve doesn't close properly) stenosis (narrowing of valve) congenital defects
83
Coronary artery circulation , which is carnivore, ruminant, horse, pig (a) The left coronary artery supplying the paraconal branch and the right coronary artery supplying the subsinuosal branch. (b) The left coronary artery supplying the paraconal and subsinuosal branches, with the right coronary artery supplying the right circumflex branch.
a) horse pig b) carnivore ruminant
84
AV valves regurgitation and stenosis aortic, pulmonic valves regurgitation and stenosis
AV valves regurgitation; systole stenosis; diastole aortic, pulmonic valves regurgitation ; diastole stenosis; systole
85
central venous pressure
pressure in right atrium
86
flow =
change in pressure/ reisstance
87
vasoconstriction ____ BP
increases
88
total peripheral resistance
change in pressure/ BF
89
what is primary determinant of flow
vessel diameter
90
BP=
CO x TPR
91
mean arterial pressure
avg pressure within arteries
92
pulse pressure=
systolic BP- diastolic BP
93
sympathetic nervous system on heart
release NE which binds to B1 adrenergic receptors increase HR/ contractility
94
sympathetic nervous system on blood vessels
sympathetic fibers release NE-a1 adrenergic receptors vasoconstriction
95
sympathetic nervous system on adrenal medulla
ACh release in chromaffin cells --> release or epinephrine andd norepinephrine into circulation
96
parasympathetic nervous system on heart
vagus nerve releases ACh decrease HR/ conduction
97
parasympathetic nervous system on blood vessels
vasodilator fibers less common
98
vasomotor center in
medulla and pons
99
short term regulatory mechanisms to maintain mean arterial pressure
baroreceptor reflex
100
long term regulatory mechanisms to maintain mean arterial pressure
humoral pathways such as ADH, ANP, RAAS
101
SNS can cause rapid changes in arterial pressure by
vasoconstriction constriction of veins increased contractility/ HR
102
____ is the SNS vasoconstrictor
norepinephrine
103
NE causes
vasoconstriction (sympathetic)
104
baroreceptor detectors
stretch receptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch
105
baroreceptor reflex
increase MAP--> stretch of baroreceptors --> decrease sympathetic --> vasodilation, bradycardia, decreased contractility decreased MAP --> decreased stretch --> more sympathetic --> vasoconstriction --> tachycardia --> increased contractility
106
chemoreceptors are aortic and carotid bodies that ID a reduction in blood flow by sensing:
fall in PO2 rise in PCO2 fall in pH leads to vasoconstriction and tachycardia
107
bainbridge reflex
in atrium increase atrial stretch --> increase HR, increase renal blood flow, decrease in ADH (thirst), increase ANP (vasodilator), increased urine output decreased atrial stretch --> increase ADH, increase thirst, decrease renal blood flow, activate RAAS (vasoconstriction and retention of water)
108
acute vs longterm control of blood flow
acute; vasoconstrict/ dilate long; increase/decrease size & # of blood vessels
109
vaso_____ substances released in response to decreased oxygen
dilator
110
brain capillaries
tight junctions, only allow water and gas
111
liver capillaries
wide open, allow all molecules
112
kidney capillaries
fenestrated, allow tons of small molecular and ionic substances
113
intracellular vs extracellular
intra 2/3 extra 1/3 (includes interstitial (3/4) and intravascular (1/4))
114
what is the most important means of substance transfer between intravascular and interstitial
diffusion

VETS 2011 structure and function (8 decks)

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