respiratory theory Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
resp system functions
A
primary: oxygenate blood and excrete CO2
secondary: olfaction, phonation, temp regulation, regulation of blood pH
2
Q
nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles are what component of resp system
A
conducting component
3
Q
resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli are what component of resp system
A
respiratory component
4
Q
larynx connects what to what
A
nasopharynx w trachea
5
Q
what supports larynx
A
hyoid apparatus
6
Q
describe hyoid apparatus
A
stylohyoid bone
epihyoid bone
keratohyoid bone
basihyoid bone (not paired)
thyrohyoid bone
tympanohyoid cartilage
7
Q
functions of larynx
A
respiration
deglutition
assist olfaction
regulation of intrathoracic pressure
phonation
8
Q
what pars of the hyoid apparatus is fused in horse
A
epihyoid and stylohyoid
9
Q
basihyoid has what in horse
A
lingual process
10
Q
4 main cartilages in larynx
A
- epiglottis (elastic)
- thyroid (hyaline)
- cricoid (hylaine)
- arytenoids (hyaline but cuneiform & corniculate process elastic)
also has interarytenoid but this is minor (hyaline)
11
Q
describe the 4 processes in the arytenoid cartilage
A
- cuneiform process (rostral, elastic cartilage)
- corniculate process (dorsal, horn, elastic cartilage)
- muscular process (lateral)
- vocal process (ventral)
12
Q
in horse the cuniform process of the larynx is on the _____ not on the arytenoids
A
epiglottis
13
Q
describe the larynx during inspiration
A
Larynx open, epiglottis point rostrally, tip sits on soft palate
14
Q
describe larynx during swallowing
A
GIT is dorsal so soft palate elevated, whole larynx actually moved forward to close and epiglottis stays where it is (but it does fold back)
15
Q
adams apple is what cartilage
A
thyroid cartilage
16
Q
3 articulations in larynx
A
- cricothyroid
- cricoarytenoid
- throhyoid
17
Q
ligaments of larynx
A
- 7:
- cricothyroid
- cricotracheal
- vocal (thyroid to vocal process)
- vestibular (thyroid to cuneiform process)
- transverse arytenoid
- thyroepiglottic
- hyoepiglottic
(cold tinnies are happily engulfed)
18
Q
paired mucosal folds in larynx
A
- vestibular fold
- vocal folds
- aryepiglottic fold
19
Q
glottis is space between
A
vocal folds
20
Q
lateral ventricle of larynx
A
blind ending pocket in lateral wall of larynx, provides space on other side of vocal fold so they have space to vibrate and make noise
21
Q
laryngeal mucosa what kind of epithelium
A
stratified squamous rostral to vocal folds
–> pseudostratified columnar ciliated caudally
22
Q
4 sections of laryngeal cavity
A
- aditus laryngis : entrance
- vestibule: from aditus to vocal folds, includes vestibular folds and lateral ventricle
- rima glottidis: vocal folds and vocal process
- infraglottic cavity: continuous w trachea
23
Q
larynx extrinsic muscles that move larynx rostrally
A
- throhyoid m
- hyoepiglottic m
- geniohyoid m
24
Q
extrinsic muscle that moves larynx caudally
A
sternothyroid m
25
instrinsic muscles: name the one abductor that opens to glottis
dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
26
name the 4 adductors (close glottis) - intrinsic muscles
- cricothyroid m
- lateral cricoarytenoid m
- transverse arytenoid m
- thyroarytenoid m
27
thyroarytenoid m in dog and horse is
divided into ventricularis rostrally and vocalis caudally
28
2 nerves of the larynx are both branches of the
vagus nerve
they are the cranial laryngeal and caudal laryngeal
29
cranial laryngeal nerve divided into
- external cranial laryngeal, motor to cricothyroid m
- internal cranial laryngeal n , sensory to mucosa
30
which nerve is motor to cricothyroid
external cranial laryngeal
31
which nerve of larynx is sensory to mucosa
internal cranial laryngeal
32
roarers is damage to
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
33
what nerve is motor to all intrnisic mm of larynx except cricothyroid
caudal laryngeal nerve
motor to cricothyroid is external cranial laryngeal
34
describe roarers
Roarers is common horse issue; damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve
causes partial paralysis of larynx , laryngeal fold falls in airway and flaps around- causes the noise
Particular problem for dorsal cricoarytenoid m. as
this is only abductor, can’t abduct left vocal cord
during exercise , causes noise or ‘roaring
35
trachea is what to what
larynx to principle bronchi
36
2 parts of trachea
cervical (esophagus is dorsal in rostral 2/3 then left side on caudal 1/3)
thoracic
(trachea dorsal to cranial vena cava, bifurcates dorsal to base of heart)
37
trachea cartilage
hyaline, C shape, open dorsally, with trachealis m in gap, smooth muscle, annular ligaments between cartilages
38
trachealis m location
external to rings in carnivores
internal to rings in others
39
trachea epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated w goblet cells
40
submucosa of trachea has what
submucous tracheal glands
41
trachea functions
rigid tube for air passage
capable of expansion
trap and remove fine particles
flexible and extensible
42
thoracic cavity bounded by
thoracic inlet (top), thoracic wall and diaphragm
43
pleura has a ___ membrane
serous
simple squamous epithelium
44
pleura lines thoracic cavity forming pleural sacs, which is bigger
right bigger than left
45
pleaural sacs come together medially to from _____ what sits in this
mediastinum
it contains trachea, esophagus, heart, vessels, etc
so everything EXCEPT lungs caudal vena cava, right phrenic nerve
46
in each pleural sac is a pleural cavity, what sits in here
lungs
47
part of pleural sacs on the lungs is called
visceral pleura
48
pleura forming walls of pleural sacs is
parietal pleura
includes costal pleura on ribs
diaphragmatic pleura and
mediastinal pleura (middle)
lungs completely fill the pleural cavities so the visceral pleura is right against the parietal pleura
49
what is pleura space, what does it contain
v narrow space left between visceral pleura (covering lungs) and parietal pleura (lining the pleura cavity)
pleura space contains pleural fluid
50
function of pleural space/ fluid
pleural space and fluid make lungs stick to inside of thoracic cavity, vacuum, also lubrication for lung movement
51
3 parts of mediastinum
cranial mediastinum (pre-cardiac)
middle mediastinum (cardiac)
caudal mediastinum (post-cardiac)
52
whats in cranial mediastinum
- trachea
- esophagus
- blood vessels
- nerves
- lymph nodes, thymus
53
whats in middle mediastinum
- heart & pericardium
- descending aorta
- esophagus
- +/- bifurcation of trachea
- nerves
54
caudal mediastinum contains
- aorta
- esophagus
- nerves
- caudal mediastinal lymph nodes
- plica vena cava
- mediastinal recess
- pulmonary ligament
55
plica vena cava
out pouching of mediastinum
contains caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve
56
where do caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve lay
in plica vena cava
57
where does accessory lobe lie
the mediastinal recess:
plica vena cava is an out pouching of the mediastinum, this out pouching causes a space between the plica vena cava and the mediastina on the right side called the mediastinal recess
58
what is different in dog, cat and horse mediastinum
openings, so L can communicate w R
59
what is cupulae pleurae
most cranial part of pleural sacs
60
what is costo-diaphragmatic recess
like the sharp corners, between diaphragmatic and costal pleura, lungs move in and out during breathing
61
3 surfaces of lungs
costal
medial
diaphragmatic
62
3 borders of lungs
dorsal
ventral
basal
63
each lobe is ventilated by a large ____ bronchus
secondary
64
what species has
left:
cranial (cr, cd), caudal
right:
cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
dog, cat, pig
65
what species has
left:
cranial (cr,cd), caudal
right:
cranial (cr,cd), middle, caudal, accessory
ruminants
66
what species has
left:
cranial, caudal
right:
cranial, caudal, accessory
horse
67
what species have tracheal bronchus
pig and ruminants
68
what anchors lung to trachea and heart
hilus (root) of lung
69
lobar bronchi are
secondary bronchi (the ones that go into each lobe of the lungs)
70
how the trachea breaks down
trachea --> principle bronchi --> lobar/secondary bronchi (including tracheal bronchus in pigs and ruminants) --> segmental (tertiary bronchi) --> bronchioles ---> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs and alveoli
71
inspiration and expiration
inspiration
- chest wall expands, diaphragm back
- neg presssure in plerual space
- lungs sucked outwards
- expanded lungs and neg pressure in lungs
- air flows in
expiration
- thoracic muscles and diaphragm relax
- elasticity of lungs --< lungs contract
- pos pressure in lungs
- expels air
72
as the tubes branch was happens
- decrease diameter
- less folded mucosa
- pseudostratified columnar --> simple columnar --> cuboidal
- reduction in cartilage
- presence of alveoli
- changes in amounts of muscle and connective tissue
73
bronchioles have no
cartilage
74
bronchi layers
- cartilage
- submucosa
- smooth muscle (goes from circular to spiral)
- elastic fiber
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
75
bronchioles
no cilia, no goblet cells, no cartilage, still have muscle
76
2 types of bronchioles
conducting bronchioles (aka terminal bronchioles) (give of 2 respiratory bronchioles)
And respiratory bronchioles (2 from each ^^) have club/ clara cells
77
what do clara/ club cells do in the respiratory bronchioles
produce surfactant
78
resp bronchioles continue as
alveolar ducts
79
alveolar ducts terminate as
alveolar sacs
80
alveoli are the site of
gaseous exchange
81
epithelium of alveoli has 3 cell types
type 1; squamous alveolar epithelial cells, 90% are these
type 2; cuboidal] alveolar epithelial cells, cells that stick out in lumen, contain surfactant
alveolar macrophages
82
describe the blood gas barrier
- type 1 epithelial cells
- basement membrane
- endothelial cells of the capillaries
83
2 blood supplies
- functional blood supply
- oxygenating blood for the rest of the body
- provide nutrition to alveoli
- nutritional blood supply
- bronchial circulation
84
2 network of lymphatics in lungs
superficial and deep
85
parasympathetic nerves in lungs and effect
vagus
bronchoconstriction
86
sympathetic nerves in lungs effect
bronchodilation
vasoconstriction of bronchial arteries
87
when does alveoli develop in embryology
late, so premature children get artificial surfactant
88
cranial end of thoracic cage in the
caudal end is the
thoracic inlet
thoracic outlet
89
pneumothorax
is pleural cavity penetrated the suction is lost and surface tension broken, lungs collapse under their own elasticity
90
if haemorrhage in pleural cavity get a
haemothorax
91
if rupture of diaphragm called a
diaphragmatic hernia
92
ribs have what joints
sternal ribs have what joints
costo-vertebral joints
costo-sternal joints
93
each rib forms __ joints w vertebral column, describe them
2
one w its head
one w tubercle
94
head of rib articulates with
2 vertebra
95
describe ligaments of ribs - vertebra
lig of the head- from head to rib to lateral part of intervertebral disc
intercapital lig- from head of one rib over dorsal part disc, to head of opposite rib
96
describe artciulation of tubercle of ribs to vertebra
tubercle projects caudally at junction of neck and body of rib, articulates w transverse process of caudal vertebra, forms plane joint, reinforced by costotransverse lig
97
describe costo-sternal joints
describe ligaments
costal cartilage articulate w inter-sternebral cartilage, synovial joint
joint cpasule thin except dorsal and ventral where dorsal and ventral sterno-costal radiate ligs
98
where bony part of ribs join w cartilage
costo-chondral joints
fibrous joints between rib and costal cartilage
99
external intercostal muscle
fiber direction and where does it draw ribs
fibers in downwards and backwards direction
\\\\\\\\
draws ribs cranially/dorsally and laterally (forwards and out to side to expand thoracic cavity)
100
internal intercostal muscle
fiber direction
//////
downwards and forwards
101
Vein artery and nerve run immediately ____ each rib
behind
102
branches of dorsal intercostal arteries
dorsal branch to mm dorsal to vertebra
ventral branch runs down medial surface of internal intercostals immediately caudal to rib and gives off lateral cutaneous branches
103
ventrally the dorsal intercostal aa anastomose with what
internal thoracic a
104
thoracic surface of diaphragm covered in
abdominal surface covered in
pleura
peritoneum
105
3 parts of diaphragm according to attachment
lumbar part
costal part (8th-last rib)
sternal part
106
lumbocostal arch
lumbocostal arch: between crura and last rib, muscle passes over psoas mm w out attachment
still sealed though due to pleura and peritoneum
107
diaphragm contains 3 foramina
aortic hiatus
esophageal hiatus
caval foramen
108
what goes through aortic hiatus
descending aorta
right azygous vein
cisterna chyli
109
what goes through esophageal hiatus
esophagus
vagal trunks
esophageal vessels
110
what goes through caval foramen
caudal vena cava
111
3 arteries of blood supply to diaphragm
- musculophrenic
- cranial phrenic
- phrenico-abdominal
112
what nerves innervate diaphragm
phrenic nerves
113
describe tracheal collapse during inspiration and expiration
inspiration
Less pressure in trachea during inspiration which is why we have tracheal rings, when they get weak it can collapse- One side of inside trachea hits the other- cough
expiration
If weakening in thoracic part, when you exhale, you get increase in pressure in lungs
If u have weak tracheal rings in thoracic part, pressure of lungs is greater than trachea, same idea it collapses and cough
114
what species have a complete philtrum
what species have a small philtrum
whats species have no philtrum
dog, cat, sheep, goat
pig
ox
115
planum nasale in dog cat sheep goat
in pigs? what its called
in ox? what its called
confined to area around nostrils
in pigs its planum rostrale and its cont w upper lip
in ox its planum nasolabiale and also cont w upper lip
116
nose supported by
lateral nasal cartilage
dorsal and ventral
horses also have an extra alar cartilage
117
glands in planum present of absent in ruminant, big, carnicore
ruminant and pig; yes
carnivores none but do have lateral nasal glands and glands in septum and lachrymal glands
118
nasal septum
caudally is bony cont w cribiform plate (ethmoid bone)
rostrally is cartilaginous
119
nasal cavities occupied by
nasal conchae (turbinate bones)
120
which is more extensive: dorsal or ventral concha
ventral
121
straight fold is rostral extension of ____ concha
alar fold is rostral extension of ____ concha
dorsal
ventral
122
3 meatuses: space between roof and floor of nasal cavity and dorsal/ ventral conchae
dorsal, middle, ventral
horse also has common meatus
123
incisive ducts connect
where are the openings
oral and nasal cavities
oral opening: incisive papilla (no oral opening in horse)
nasal opening: floor of nasal cavity
124
lateral nasal ducts function
(not present in ox) they moisten inhaled air
in dog moisten nose and aid in thermoregulation
125
naso lacrimal duct function
drains eye to prevent weeping, aids in moistening nose and nasal cavity
126
what are the respiratory regions of the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
part of dorsal concha
all of ventral concha
lateral, dorsal, ventral nasal walls
part of septum
127
epithelium of respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified columnar, ciliated w goblet cells
128
paranasal sinus epithelium (even tho resp mucosa they have diff epithelium)
more cuboidal to squamous rather than columnar
have less glands and goblet cells
129
olfactory regions of nasal cavity
ethmoturbinates
part of dorsal concha
part of nasal septum
vomeronasal organ
130
olfactory mucosa epithelium: 3 cell types
sensory (olfactory) cells- cilia
sustentacular (supporting) cells - microvilli
basal cells
131
what glands do the olfactory lamina propria and submucosa have
bowman's glands (serous to dissolve and flush so you don't smell same thing for ages)
132
nasal cavity functions
olfaction
filtration of air
warm and humidify air
thermoregulation
133
air passes form nasal cavity through _____ to nasopharynx
choanae (internal nares)
134
paranasal sinus functions
lighten skull
insulate nervous centers
protect eyes, nasal passages, cranial cavity
absorb shock
impart resonance to voice
increase area olfactory membrane
135
all species have what paranasal sinuses
frontal and maxillary
136
what is the largest paranasal sinus
maxillary
137
describe the diverticula of maxillary sinus (basically branches of sinus that some species have)
- hard palate- palatine sinus
- sphenoid bone- sphenoid sinus
- medial aspect orbit- lacrimal sinus
- nasal concha- conchal sinus
138
frontal sinus opens into
ethmoidal meatus (except horse opens into caudal maxillary sinus)
139
horse: 4 pairs of paranasal sinus
maxillary
frontal
sphenopalatine
ethmoidal
140
ox; 6 pairs of paranasal sinus
maxillary w 4 diverticuli: palatine, lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal
frontal
141
pigs 5 paranasal sinuses
maxilla w 3 diverticuli: lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal
frontal
142
dog paranasal sinuses
maxillary and frontal
143
nasopharynx connected to middle ear by
eustachian tube (auditory tube)
144
equine gutteral pouch epithelium
pseudostratified columnar w goblet cells (mucous secretion)
144
145
what seperates the lateral and medial gutteral pouch
stylohyoid bone
146
functions of gutteral pouch
selective cooling of brain
loose attachment of pharynx to increase swallowing efficiency
147
during inspiration P_pl becomes strongly
negative, draws lungs out w it
148
P_pl will always be ____ than P_atm
less
149
when muscles of inspiration contract
thoracic cavity ____
pleural pressure ___
alveolar pressure ____
increases in size
decreases
decreases
150
amount of air inhaled during a normal breath
tidal volume
151
amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
152
amount of air that can be further inhaled after a normal inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
153
air left in lungs after a forced exhalation
residual volume
154
max amount of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs in a single resp cycle
vital capacity
155
volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to a normal exhalation (the amount of air taken in during a deep breath)
inspiratory capacity
156
volume of air remaining after a normal exhalation
functional residual capacity
157
total volume of air in the lungs after a max inspiration
total lung capacity
158
how much air can be forced out of lungs in 1 sec
forced expiratory volume
159
resistance what is key
"diameter is key"
R=8Ln/pir^4
so radius is actually key
160
if pressure in alveolus is higher than atm where does air go
out
(just remember air always goes from high to low)
161
if Palv=Ppl what happens
airways collapse
162
obstructive vs restrictive pulmonary disease
obstructive:
- increase resistance
- obstruction
- limitation of airflow during forced expiration
- ex asthma, foreign object
restrictive
- reduced expansion of lung parenchyma
- decreased total lung capacity
- expiratory flow rate near normal
- ex pulmonary oedema
163
minute ventilation
Ve= Bf x TV
164
alveolar ventilation
Va= Bf (TV - VD)
minus dead space
165
surfactant function
reduces surface tension at air-water interface in alveoli, prevents collapse
166
elastance is the reciprocal of
compliance
so elastance = 1/compliance= pressure change/ volume change
167
zone 1,2,3
describe resistance
Animal at rest has most blood flow in zone 3 due to gravity
At zone 1 much less pressure in ppc (that’s why small tube)
1- Non perfused alveolar (physiological dead space)
2- Partially perfused
3- Perfused alveolar- gas exchange
168
V/Q mismatch
ventilation-perfusion mismatch
imbalance between air delivery and blood flow (due to gravity)
169
how is extra blood flow in lungs accommodated (3 ways)
1) increasing number of open capillaries
2) distending all capillaries and increasing rate of flow through each capillary
3) increasing pulmonary arterial pressure
170
PaO2
PAO2
PvO2
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli
partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood
171
most important respiratory parameter for gas exchange is
alveolar ventilation
172
things that shift the oxygen Hb dissociation curve to the right
- decrease in pH
- increase temp
- increase in DPG
- increase in PCO2
173
what has a greater affinity for oxygen binding sites on haemoglobin CO or oxygen
CO
174
3 ways CO2 is transported
CONVERT into HCO3-
CARRY BY Hb
DISSOLVE in plasma
175
chloride shift
Chloride shift; more bicarb in RBC than plasma, so bicarb leaves cell, however to maintain the electrical charge a chloride ion comes into cell to replace the neg bicarb leaving
176
CO2-Hb dissociation curve is more
linear
177
hypoxia vs hypoxaemia
hypoxia: reduced availability of O2 at tissues
hypoxaemia low concentration of O2 in arterial blood (PaO2)
so you can can hypoxia w out hypoxaemia
178
4 types of hypoxia
cytopathic
anaemic
stagnant
hypoxemic
179
what can cause hypoxaemia
hypoventilation (low piO2)
diffusion impairment
right to left shunt
V/Q mismatch
180
low V/Q vs high V/Q
V/Q=1/10
lung disease
airway obstruction
stiffening of lung due to inflammation
V/Q=10/1
vascular obstruction
pulmonary hypotension
181
hypercapnia
excess CO2 in blood
182
central chemoreceptors are responsive to:
peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to:
pulmonary receptors responsive to:
joint and muscle receptors responsive to:
H+
O2, CO2, H+
stretch, irritants
stretch, tension
183
medulla oblongata has what respiratory groups
dorsal respiratory group (inspiration)
ventral respiratory group (inspiration + expiration)
184
pons has what respiratory group
pontine group w 2 centers: pneumotaxic center, apneustic center
185
termination site for vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
dorsal resp group
186
dorsal resp group
transmit afferent sensory signals to resp center
basic rhythm generator
187
ventral resp group
inactive during normal resp
contributes when resp drive for increased pulmonary ventilation is greater than normal
188
pneumotaxic center
controls point at which ramp signal stops
limits duration of inspiration
189
apneustic center
promotes inhalation via constant stimulation of neurons in the medulla oblongata- DRG
190
can cerebral cortex override the basic rhythm of resp cycle
yes- by controlling resp muscles
191
what prevents O2, HCO3- and H+ from reaching central chemoreceptors
blood brain barrier
192
boyles law
air volume = 1/pressure
surface 100% 1atm
10m 50% 2atm
20m 33% 3atm
30m 25% 4atm
40m 20% 5atm
193
What are the 4 Major Ligaments of the Larynx?
Cricothyroid
Cricotracheal
Vocal
Vestibular
