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VETS 2011 structure and function > lymphatics theory > Flashcards

lymphatics theory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is lymph

A

extra interstitial fluid
ions
proteins
cells (lymphocytes, macrophages)
foreign matter
lipids (from digestion)

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2
Q

what does lymphatic system do

A

is returns interstitial fluid to the circulatory system, screens lymphs via lymphoid tissue for microbes and foreign protein

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels from small to bif

A

lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
major lymph trunks

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4
Q

flow of lymphs

A

blind ending lymphatic capillaries

afferent lymphatic vessels

lymph node

efferent lymphatic vessels

major lymph trunk

large vein in neck

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5
Q

do all tissues have lymphatic capillaries

A

no ex eye, CNS, liver lobules, splenic pulp, lung alveoli, cartilage, bone marrow

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6
Q

lacunae

A

lymphatic capillaries under the pleura and peritoneum

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7
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries, in intestinal villi, transport absorbed fat to circulatory system

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8
Q

superficial vs deep lymphatic vessels

A

superficial drain skin and subq tissue

deep accompany veins

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9
Q

what walls are thinner veins or lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

what propels lymph

A

the contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessels (and external muscle activity)

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11
Q

what prevents backflow in lymphatic vessels

A

bicuspid valves

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12
Q

do lymph vessels have good regenerative properties

A

yes

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13
Q

do lymph vessels have clotting ability

A

no

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14
Q

how do lymph vessels bypass a blockage

A

generate new vessels

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15
Q

afferent vessels drain ___ node

efferent drain ___ of node

A

in

out

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16
Q

efferent vessels converge into

A

lymphatic trunks/ ducts

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17
Q

5 major lymph trunks

A

cysterna chyli (abdomen)

thoracic duct

lumbar trunk

tracheal trunks (head and neck)

right lymphatic duct

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18
Q

cysterna chyli

A

major lymph trunk in abdomen

collects from lumbar area, hind quarters and viscera

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19
Q

thoracic duct

A

major lymph trunk

main returning trunk

continuation of cysterna chyly

if ruptured = chylothorax

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20
Q

lumbar trunk

A

major lymph trunk

dorsal abdominal wall
drain hind quarters

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21
Q

tracheal trunks (left and right)

A

major lymph trunk

drains head and neck

left joins thoracic duct

right enter right lymphatic duct or right external jugular vein

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22
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

major lymph trunk

drains cranial side of body

joins right external jugular vein

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23
Q

lymphoid tissue function

A

central role in protecting body against infection

cell mediated immune reactions

antibody production

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24
Q

main cell types in lymphoid tissue

A

B & T cells
NKCs
macrophages
dendritic cells

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25
3 types of lymphocytes
B cells T cells NKCs
26
B cells remain in _____ until mature
bone marrow
27
where do T cells mature
travel to thymus to mature
28
NKCs originate
from same stem cells as T cells in marrow, but do not undergo thymic maturation
29
T cells and NKCs provide ______ immunity
cell-mediated
30
B cells provide ____ immunity
humoral
31
3 types of T cells
cytotoxic T cells helper T cells suppressor T cells
32
cytotoxic T cells
cell-mediated immunity directly attack antigens enter peripheral tissues
33
helper T cells
stimulate the responses of both T and B cells
34
suppressor T cells
inhibit both T and B cell function
35
do B cells require activation form helper T cells
yes
36
once activated by helper T cells, B cells divides to produce
plasma cells (antibody factories) and memory B cells
37
NKCs cause lysis of infected cells/ foreign cells via
perforins
38
what is small lymphocytes what is large lymphocytes
small: B & T large: NKCs
39
MHC class 1 interacts w what kind of T cells
Tc cells CD8
40
MHC class 2 interacts w what kind of T cells
Th cells CD4
41
class 1 MHC found where
membranes of all nucleated cells
42
MHC class 2 found where
membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
43
B cells carry what on their surface
antibody
44
if B cells encounters antigen that binds to their antibodies, then antigen enters the B cell by endocytosis and is displayed of their cells surface by a
class 2 MHC protein then Th cell binds to the MHC complex on the B cell and secretes cytokines that activate the B cell
45
lymphoid tissue may be diffuse (no organization) or organized into ____ which are further organized into ____
nodules tonsils
46
peyers patch
lymphoid tissue beneath epithelium of the ileum in small inestine
47
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
lymphoid tissue associated w digestive system
48
does all lymph flow through a lymph node
yes atleast one
49
structural components of lymph nodes
outer fibrous capsule sinuses (subcapsular, cortical, medullary) cortex paracortex medulla hilus
50
lymph is filtered through cortex and medulla via
sinuses
51
flow through the lymph node
enter via afferent lymphatic vessels --> subcapsular sinus --> cortical and trabecular sinus --> medullary sinuses --> efferent lymphatic vessels via the hilus
52
lymphatic sinuses lined by
endothelial cells
53
lymphatic sinuses contain ____ fibers and ____ cells which act as a framework for macrophages to sit
reticular
54
primary follicles of outer cortex
tightly packed B cells
55
secondary follicles of outer cortex
proliferating B cells in middle surrounded by corona of non dividing B cells and Th cells
56
T and B cells enter node at paracortex by what specialized venules
high endothelial venules
57
hilus contains
afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels / blood vessels and adipose tissue
58
afferent vs efferent lymph
afferent: debris antigens microbes few lymphocytes efferent v little debris lymphocytes plasma cells antibodies
59
lymphoma often causes swelling of ___ nodes
all
60
group of nodes that drain a specific area are termed
lymph centers
61
location of lymph centers
mesentery mediastinum origins of major vessels where protected by bones/ joints
62
4 nodes of importance
popliteal (caudal stifle) superficial inguinal (pp area, external iliac artery) submandibular (face) superficial cervical (front of shoulder)
63
spleen in fetus produces in adult produces
all types of blood cells lymphocytes
64
spleen functions
produces lymphocytes removes effete RBCs stores iron from RBCs removes debris from blood has T cells and B cells stores blood
65
where is spleen
lies against left abdominal wall protected by ribs
66
spleen parietal surface and visceral
parietal against diaphragm visceral against stomach
67
hilus of spleen in species
- carnivores, pigs, horse: long, dorsoventral groove on visceral surface - ruminants: small indentation on dorsal end
68
splenic artery branches from
ceoliac artery
69
splenic vein branch from
portal vein
70
where are splenic lymph nodes
- pig and horse: hilus - dog and cat: gastrosplenic lig - ruminants: rumen wall, dorsal abdominal wall
71
attachments of spleen
- in carnivores and pig loose gastrosplenic ligament (stomach) - ruminants: gastrosplenic lig and phrenicosplenic lig (diaphragm) - horse: gastrosplenic lig, phrenicosplenic lig, renosplenic lig (left kidney)
72
2 types of splenic pulp
red (majority) white (darker stained)
73
white pulps aka
PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths), consists of T cells and macrophages around central arterioles
74
nodules of lymphatic tissue in PALS (white pulp) are
splenic corpuscles/ follicles
75
red pulp is
meshwork of reticular connective tissue has macrophages and blood cells venous sinuses
76
what do macrophages do in red pulp
retain immature RBCs until mature remove RBC inclusions remove effete RBCs remove microorganisms
77
haemolymph nodes
lymphoid structures found mainly in ruminants, similar to lymph nodes, similar function to spleen
78
thymus location
ventral mediastinum
79
thymus is most developed in
young animals, slowly replaced by fat
80
thymus has lobes seperated into lobules, each lobule has
cortex (densely packed dividing T cells) medulla (fewer mature T cells)
81
blood-thymus layer
prevents transport of potential antigens from blood in thymus contains endothelial cells, pericytes, and thymic epithelial cells
82
thymic epithelial cells secrete
thymosines, regulate T cell maturation
83
Hassalls corpuscles
in medulla, clusters of epithelial cells that contain keratohyalin, provide signalling molecules
84
what happens to T cells in thymus
undergo positive selection in CORTEX undergo negative selection in MEDULLA
85
positive selection in cortex
ensures they are able to recognize self antigens
86
negative selection in medulla
T cells that bind to strongly to self antigen undergo apoptosis and die

VETS 2011 structure and function (8 decks)

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