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Human Histology (LEC) > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

(Hypophysis / Hypophysis Cerebri)

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2
Q

Pituitary gland two parts

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland →
Posterior Pituitary Gland →

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3
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland → ___
Posterior Pituitary Gland → ___

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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4
Q

connected to the base of the brain
(_____) by the infundibular stalk

A

Pituitary gland

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Makes up 75% of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis

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6
Q

Consists of a thin fibrous capsule and cords of well-staining endocrine cells

A

Pars Distalis

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7
Q

Consists of thin fibrous capsule and cords of well-staining endocrine cells, with fenestrated capillaries and reticular connective tissue.

A

Pars Distalis

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8
Q

Two Cell Types in the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Chromophobes
Chromophils

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9
Q

small cells with the least number which stains
poorly with nuclei close to each other

A

Chromophobes

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10
Q

Referred to as reserve cells, as they may differentiate into chromophils

A

Chromophobes

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11
Q

well-stained, secretory cells that store hormones in cytoplasmic granules. They have two types and their subtypes.

A

Chromophils

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12
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in liver

A

Somatotrophs

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13
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

Promotes milk secretion

A

Lactotrophs (or mammotrophs)

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14
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

FSH promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion in women and spermatogenesis in men

LH promotes ovarian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in women and interstitial cell androgen secretion in men

A

Gonadotrophs

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15
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation

A

Thyrotrophs

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16
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Helps regulate lipid metabolism

A

Corticotrophs

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17
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

Percent of total cells in Somatotrophs

A

50

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18
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

percent of total cells in Lactotrophs (or mammotrophs)

A

15-20

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19
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

percent of total cells in Gonadotrophs

A

10

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20
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

percent of total cells in Thyrotrophs

A

5

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21
Q

Major cell types of anterior pituitary gland

percent of total cells in Corticotrophs

A

15-20

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22
Q

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

A

TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

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23
Q

acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production

A

PRL Prolactin

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24
Q

Act on gonads (testes and ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm and oocyte)

A

FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
LH Luteinizing hormone

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25
acts on all body tissues, especially cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue to stimulate growth
GH Growth hormone
26
acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids (eg, cortisol)
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
27
Highly vascular and Small funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum
Pars tuberalis
28
Most cells are gonadotrophs
Pars tuberalis
29
Other cells: undifferentiated cells and small basophils and acidophils
Pars tuberalis
30
Develops from the dorsal wall of the hypophyseal pouch.
Pars Intermedia
31
Characterized by colloid filled cysts lined by columnar epithelium of various sizes (Rathke’s Cysts) representing remnants of that structure’s lumen.
Pars Intermedia
32
Neurohypophysis responsible for the secretion of stored hormones
Pars nervosa
33
Neurohypophysis most abundant cell type; highly branched glial cells that resemble astrocytes
Pituicytes
34
Neurohypophysis axonal dilatations where the hormones are stored. These are seen as faintly eosinophilic structures with granules.
Neurosecretory bodies or Herring bodies
35
Neurohypophysis contains nerve endings of unmyelinated axons; connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
Infundibular stalk
36
Neurohypophysis Cells in this region does not synthesize hormones, it only functions to store them.
Infundibular Stalk
37
Hormones Produced in the Neurohypophysis
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE / ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
38
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE / ARGININE VASOPRESSIN synthesized by the
supraoptic nuclei
39
Increases the permeability of renal collecting ducts to water, so more water is reabsorbed by the body and osmotic balance is restored
supraoptic nuclei
40
Hormones Produced in the Neurohypophysis Other hormone
OXYTOCIN
41
OXYTOCIN secreted by the
paraventricular nuclei
42
Stimulates the myoepithelial cells in the uterus for uterine contraction during the event of childbirth
paraventricular nuclei
43
Stimulates the myoepithelial cells in the alveoli of the breast to stimulate milk ejection during breastfeeding
paraventricular nuclei
44
Functions to produce hormones that controls metabolism, stress response, and salt-water balance.
Adrenal gland
45
Anatomical parts consist of the cortex and medulla, each producing various hormones.
Adrenal gland
46
The Adrenal Gland has two regions which are the ___ ___ (consisting of ___ zones) and the ____ ____
Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla 3 zones
47
Tissue area 3 adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
48
Zona glomerulosa hormones released and example
Mineralcorticoids - regulate mineral balance Aldosterone
49
Zona fasciculata hormones released and example
Glucocorticoids - regulate glucose metabolism Cortisol, Corticosterone, Cortisone
50
Zona reticularis hormones and example
Androgens (stimulate masculinization) Dehydroepiandrosterone
51
Adrenal medulla hormones released and example
Stress hormones (stimulate sympathetic ANS) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
52
compact spherical or ovoid masses of endocrine cells embedded within the axonal exocrine tissues of the pancreas.
Pancreatic islets
53
The pancreas has more than _ ___ __ , mostly in the gland’s ___ __ region.
1 million islets narrow tail region
54
polygonal, or rounded, smaller, and more slightly stained than the surrounding acinar cells, arranged in cords separated by fenestrated capillaries.
cells of the islets
55
Major cells of pancreatic islets Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content
a
56
Major cells of pancreatic islets Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content
b
57
Major cells of pancreatic islets Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCI secretion by gastric parietal cells
o or D
58
Major cells of pancreatic islets Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility
PP
59
Pancreatic islets a, quantity percent and hormone produce
20, glucagon
60
Pancreatic islets b, quantity percent and hormone produce
70, insulin
61
Pancreatic islets o or D, quantity percent and hormone produce
5-10 , somatostatin
62
Pancreatic islets PP, quantity percent and hormone produce
rare, pancreatic polypeptide
63
Function → to regulate the daily rhythm of bodily activities
Pineal Gland / Epiphysis Cerebri
64
modified neurons arranged in clusters and cords
PINEALOCYTES
65
Secretes Melatonin (derivative of Tryptophan)
PINEALOCYTES
66
Neuroglial cells that are modified astrocytes, and appears like a “comma”
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
67
Also called Brain sand (characteristic feature in the pineal gland)
CORPORA ARENACEA / PSAMMOMA BODIES
68
Concretions of calcium and magnesium salts by mineralization of extracellular protein deposits
CORPORA ARENACEA / PSAMMOMA BODIES
69
Starts to appear during childhood and increase in number and size with age
CORPORA ARENACEA / PSAMMOMA BODIES
70
Thyroid Follicle lining
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
71
The shape changes depending on the activity of the thyroid Normally cuboidal If more active → shape is __ __ If less active → shape is ___ and ___
ACTIVE - lower columnar LESS ACTIVE - squamous and follicular
72
surrounds the follicular lumen filled with gelatinous acidophilic colloid
Thyrocytes
73
secretion of calcitonin is triggered by elevated blood calcium levels, and it inhibits the activity of osteoclasts
Parafollicular Cell or C cell
74
Four small ovoid masses on the posterior portion of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid Gland
75
It is Implanted on the thyroid gland capsule, and has a connective tissue capsule which is separate from the thyroid gland
Parathyroid Gland
76
The Parathyroid Gland contains
Principal / Chief Cells and Oxyphil Cells
77
Principal/ Chief cells Cytoplasmic granules contain the
Parathyroid Hormone
78
functions to increase blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Hormone
79
Acts on osteoblasts → stimulates osteoclasts to increase its activity
Parathyroid Hormone
80
Functions for calcium reabsorption in the DCT, and at the same time, inhibits reabsorption of phosphate in the PCT
Parathyroid Hormone
81
Increases calcium absorption indirectly in the small intestine by stimulating the activation of Vitamin D
Parathyroid Hormone
82
Lesser in number, seen abundantly and primarily in geriatric patients
Oxyphil Cells
83
Larger in comparison to Principal Cells
Oxyphil Cells

Human Histology (LEC) (10 decks)

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