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Anatomy > Cell Division and Tissues > Flashcards

Cell Division and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Inerphase

A

time between cell divisions
DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus
DNA replication occurs during the interphase

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2
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell
nuclear envelopes disappear

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3
Q

chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes
chromosomes assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell

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5
Q

Telophase

A

arrival of chromosomes at the opposite poles
chromosomes disperse
nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
formation of cleavage furrow

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6
Q

produces 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell; each of these cells will have 46 chromosomes

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

the formation of sperm cells and female sex cells which occurs only in the testes and ovaries respectively

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

the role of RNA

A

functions as a messenger and a decoder of the DNA to achieve DNA’s task of specifying the structure of proteins to be built at the ribosomes

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9
Q

Thee Varieties of RNA

A

tRNA
rRNA
mRNA

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10
Q

recognize a specific amino acid and attach itself to that amino acid

A

tRNA

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11
Q

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

A

rRNa

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12
Q

carry the message containing instructions for protein synthesis; photocopy of DNA instructions

A

mRNA

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13
Q

involves the transfer of information from DNA base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA; occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

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14
Q

the phase where the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence); occurs in cytoplasm

A

Translation

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15
Q

genetic code is copied or transcribed onto mRNA in the cell nucleus

A

Transcription

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16
Q

mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where the coded info is translated into specific amino acid sequences in a protein

A

Translation

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17
Q

4 Primary Types of body tissues

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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18
Q

the lining, covering, glandular tissue of the body

A

Epithelium

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19
Q

Parts of Epithelium

A

apical surface

basement membrane

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20
Q

part of epithelium that is avascular

A

apical surface

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21
Q

part of epithelium attached to connective tissue with blood vessels and capillaries

A

basement membrane

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22
Q

division of cytoplasm that begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

A

Cytokinesis

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23
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

Absorption
Filtration
Protection
Secretion

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24
Q

Characteristics of Epithelium

A

epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
the membranes always have on free or unattached surface- apical surface
have no blood supply of their own and depend on diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissues
if well nourished, epithelial cells can regenerate themselves easily

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25
Q

Classification of Epithelium by cell arrangement

A

simple

stratified

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26
Q

Classification of epithelium by cell shape

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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27
Q

flattened, like fish scales

A

squamous epithelium

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28
Q

cube-shaped like dice

A

cuboidal

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29
Q

shaped like columns

A

columnar

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30
Q

Function of Simple Epithelium

A

absorption, secretion, filtration

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31
Q

This type of epithelium usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs

A

Simple Squamous Epith.

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32
Q

location of simple squamous epith.

A

air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, serous membranes

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33
Q

common in glands and their ducts, walls of kidney tubules, suface of ovaries

A

simple cuboidal epith.

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34
Q

has presence of goblet cells

A

Simple columnar Epith

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35
Q

lines entire length of digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

A

Simple columnar Epith

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36
Q

function of simple columnar epith

A

absorption, gastric secretions

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37
Q

secrete mucus for lubrication

A

goblet cells

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38
Q

all of the cells rest on the basement membrane

some cells are shorter thna the others and nuclei appear at different heighs

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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39
Q

function of Stratified Epith.

A

protection

40
Q

named according to the type of cell at the free edge

A

Stratified Epith.

41
Q

most common stratified epithelium; found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction

A

Stratified squamous

42
Q

location of stratified squamous

A

esophagus, mouth, outer portion of the skin

43
Q

RARE; only in ducts of large glands

A

Stratified cuboidal epith

stratified columnar epith

44
Q

stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of a few organs, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

A

Transitional epith

45
Q

when stretched as when filled with urine, the rounded, domelike superficial cells flatten and become squamouslike

A

Transitional epith

46
Q

consists of one or more cells that make and secret a particular product called a secretion

A

gland

47
Q

ductless glands; secretions are hormones; go through blood

A

Endocrine glads

48
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid gland, adrenals and pituitary gland

49
Q

empty their secretions to the epithelial surface through the ducts

A

Exocrine glands

50
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands, oil glands, liver, pancreas

51
Q

consists of living cells surrounded by a matrix

most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

A

Connective tissue

52
Q

function of connective tissue

A

connects body parts

53
Q

Common characteristics of connective tissues

A

Variations of blood supply

Extracellular matrix

54
Q

well vascularized connective tissue

A

bone

55
Q

connective tissue with poor blood supply

A

tendons and ligaments

56
Q

avascular connective tissue

A

cartilage

57
Q

white fiber; high tensile strength;

A

collagen

58
Q

yellow fiber; ability to be stretched and then recoil

A

elastic

59
Q

fine collagen fibers; found in spleen

A

reticular

60
Q

makes the CT able to withstand stretching and other abuses

A

extracellular matrix

61
Q

aka osseus tissue

A

bone

62
Q

matrix of bone

A

hard matrix with Ca salts and abundant collagen fibers

63
Q

less hard and more flexible than bone

A

cartilage

64
Q

abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, bluish appearance

A

hyaline cartilage

65
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

larynx; attaches ribs to breastbone; covers ends of bones where they form joints

66
Q

provides rigidity with even more flexibility

A

elastic cartilage

67
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube

68
Q

flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure and connects structures subject to greater pressure

A

fibrocartliage

69
Q

collagen fibers are the main matrix element
presence of fibroblasts between fiber
form strong ropelike structures

A

Dense connective tissue

70
Q

matrix looks shiny white
consists mailly of parallel collagen fibers arranged in bundles
few elastic fibers

A

regular

71
Q

location of regular DCT

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

72
Q

muscle to bone

A

tendon

73
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

74
Q

consists of predominantly collagen fibers

randomly arranged with some elastic fibers

A

irregular

75
Q

location of irregular DCT

A

dermis, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and of joints

76
Q

consist of predominantly freely branching elastic fibers and fibroblast are present in spaces between fibers

A

Elastic

77
Q

location of elastic DCT

A

lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes

78
Q

softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than any connective tissue type except blood

A

loose connective tissue

79
Q

consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and several kinds of cells (fibroblast, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance

A

Areolar tissue

80
Q

location of areolar tissue

A

subcutaneous layer deep to skin, papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin, lamina propria, of mucous membranes and around blood vessels, nerves and body organs, capillaries

81
Q

consists of adipocytes,

A

adipose tissue

82
Q

cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large ventrally located droplet; nucles and cytoplasm are peripherally located

A

adipocytes

83
Q

adipose tissue location

A

found in subcutaneous tissue beneath skin, around kidneys, cushions eyeballs in their sockets, fat depots in hips and breasts

84
Q

interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells

A

reticular connective tissue

85
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

lymphocytes, lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

86
Q

aka vascular tissue

A

blood

87
Q

considered a connective tissue because it contains blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma

A

blood

88
Q

transport vehicle which carries nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2, etc

A

blood

89
Q

highly specialized to contract or shorten, to produce movement

A

Muscle tissue

90
Q

attached to the skeleton
voluntary
long, cyndrical, multinucleated cells
has striations

A

Skeletal muscle

91
Q

found in heart
involuntary
uninucleate
has striations

A

cardiac muscle

92
Q

contain gap, junctions that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell, resulting in rapid conductions of impulses across the heart

A

intercalated disks

93
Q 
aka visceral muscles
no striations
uninucleate
spindle shaped (pointed ends)
found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels, airways
involuntary
A

smooth muscle

94
Q

cells of nervous tissue

receive and conduct electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

A

neurons

95
Q

two major functional characteristics of neurons

A

irritability and conductivity

Anatomy (19 decks)

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