Cell Signaling Pathways: Steroid Hormones

Question 1

what groups can steroids be grouped into based on their receptors? (7)

Answer 1

mineralocorticoids 
glucocorticoids 
androgens 
estrogens 
progesterones 
thyroid
vitamin D3

Question 2

what are natural steroid hormones synthesized form?

Answer 2

cholesterol

Question 3

steroid hormones are lipids, which are fat soluble meaning they can

Answer 3

pass freely by diffusion through biological membranes and enter cells without a specific transporter mechanism

Question 4

in the blood, because of their lipid or hydrophobic properties, steroid hormones circulate bound to

Answer 4

specific binding or carrier proteins rather than corticosteroid hormone binding globulin

Question 5

steroids exert biological effects via two routes (2)

Answer 5

a slower genomic response (hours and longer)

faster nongenomic mechanism (minutes)

Question 6

membrane associated receptors active

Answer 6

intracellular signaling pathways to bring about nongenomic actions of steroid hormones

Question 7

nuclear receptors mediate genomic actions with time frames of

Answer 7

hours to days

Question 8

concentration of estrogen in blood
male:
females (premenopausal):
females (postmenopausal):

Answer 8

male: 10-50 pg/ml
females (premenopausal): 30-400 pg/nl
females (postmenopausal): 0-30 pg/nl

Question 9

concentration of testosterone in blood
males:
females:

Answer 9

males: 30-120 mg/nl
females: 2-8 ng/ml

Question 10

concentration of progesterone in blood
males:
females premenopausal, follicular phase:
females premenopausal, luteal phase:

Answer 10

males: <1.0 ng/ml
females premenopausal, follicular phase: <0.70 ng/ml
females premenopausal, luteal phase: 2-20 ng/ml

Question 11

plasma proteins bind and facilitate the circulation of

Answer 11

lipid like (hydrophobic) hormones

Question 12

retuning acid binding protein binds to

Answer 12

retinoid acids

Question 13

sex hormone binding globulin binds to

Answer 13

testosterone and estradiol

Question 14

vitamin D binding protein binds

Answer 14

vitamin D

Question 15

domain structures of nuclear steroid receptors (3)

Answer 15

variable region: what makes each receptor different
DNA binding domain: when hormone binds to receptor, this region reacts with DNA at hormone binding elements (specific sequence of nucleotides)
hormone-binding domains: bind to hormone

Question 16

where are glucocorticoids synthesized

Answer 16

the adrenal cortex

Question 17

glucocorticoids are a family of compounds which bind to the

Answer 17

GC receptor

Question 18

the name glucocorticoid derives from its role in the regulation of the

Answer 18

metabolism of glucose

its synthesis in the adrenal cortex and its steroidal structure

Question 19

what does glucocorticoids binding to their specific receptor stimulate?

Answer 19

transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins and factors

Question 20

cortisol

Answer 20

natural steroid hormone, glucocorticoid

Question 21

where is cortisol produced?

Answer 21

zona fasciculate of adrenal cortex

Question 22

what is cortisol released in response to?

Answer 22

stress and a Leo level of blood glucose

Question 23

primary functions of cortisol (3)

Answer 23

increase blood sugar through gulconeogenesis
suppress the immune system
aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate

Question 24

side effect if cortisol

Answer 24

decreases bone formation by causing osteocyte apoptosis (or autophagy at lower doses)
(neg effects on bone)

Question 25

Nobel prize for synthetic corticosteroid

Answer 25

Drs. Kendall and Hence, Mayo Clinic; Professor Reichstein, Basel

Question 26

glucocorticoids may be used in low doses in

Answer 26

adrenal insufficiency

Question 27

are much higher doses, oral and inhaled glucocorticoids are used to suppress various (3) disorders

Answer 27

allergic] inflammatory autoimmune

Question 28

inhaled glucocorticoids are the second line treatment for

Answer 28

asthma

Question 29

glucocorticoids are administered as post-transplant immunosuppressants to prevent (2)

Answer 29

cute transplant rejection and the graft-versus-host-disease

Question 30

glucocorticoids do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later

Answer 30

reparative processes

Question 31

what is glucocorticoid synthesis is regulated by?

Answer 31

corticotrophin releasing hormone by nerves in the hypothalamus

Question 32

corticotrophin releasing hormone stimulates the production of, ---- which acts on the adrenal cortex to produce and release ---

Answer 32

ACTH | cortisol

Question 33

prostaglandin synthesis

Answer 33

NSAIDS Inuit COX1 and CO2, variably altering the synthesis of TXA2, PGI2, PGD2, and PGFalpha TXA2: thromboxane A2 PGI2: prostacyclin PGD2: prostaglandin

Question 34

sex hormone target tissues (11)

Answer 34

``` breast female reproductive track male reproductive track bone vascular system CNS immune system skin kidney lung GI ```

Question 35

osteoporosis

Answer 35

a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture

Question 36

what does bone strength primarily reflect? (2)

Answer 36

the integration of bone quality and bone density

Question 37

-- million bone fractures annually

Answer 37

1.5

Question 38

bone fractures can include (3)

Answer 38

hip fractures vertebral fractures wrist and other fractures

Question 39

what are the annual consequences of hip fractures? - -% will die from complications - -% will require long-term care

Answer 39

24% | 25%

Question 40

worldwide: - - million hip fractures in 1990 - - million hip fractures in 2050

Answer 40

1.7 6.3 lots of diseases are becoming an increasing burden on our aging probation

Question 41

what percentage of women, on average, will suffer at least on osteoporotic fracture?

Answer 41

50%

Question 42

how much did osteoporosis cost the US alone in 1997?

Answer 42

~14 billion

Question 43

when does bone loss occur in menopausal women?

Answer 43

about two years prior to last menses

Question 44

estrogen-deprivation bone loss is completed over - years

Answer 44

6

Question 45

estrogen-deprivation bone loss ranges from about -% to -%

Answer 45

6-12%

Question 46

men vs women, whole body BMC relative to baseline

Answer 46

men don't have rapid bone loss, just a steady decline

Question 47

SERM

Answer 47

selective estrogen receptor modulators

Question 48

raloxifene uses: effects/location:

Answer 48

SERM uses: osteoporosis, breast cancer effects/location: agonist at bone; antagonist a breast and uterus

Question 49

tamoxifen uses: effects/location:

Answer 49

SERM uses: breast cancer effects/location: agonist at bone and uterus; antagonist at breast

Question 50

androgens (5)

Answer 50

``` DHEA androstendiol androstenedione testosterone DHT ```

Question 51

clinical uses of androgens (5)

Answer 51

male androgen insufficiency treatment of children with growth failure bone marrow stimulation in diseases resulting in hypo plastic or aplastic anemia masculinizing hormone therapy

Question 52

anabolic steroids

Answer 52

familiar name for synthetic variants of testosterone | more properly termed anabolic-androgenic steroids

Question 53

anabolic steroids were first synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used to

Answer 53

therapeutically induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS

Question 54

health risks of anabolic steroids include (5)

Answer 54

``` harmful changes in cholesterol levels acne high blood pressure liver damage changes in left ventricle of the heart ```

Question 55

what are the adverse effects of anabolic steroids? (4)

Answer 55

significant psychiatric symptoms including aggression and violence, mania, and less frequently psychosis and suicide have been associated with steroid abuse (WWE wrestlers, weight lifters)

Question 56

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 56

mutations in the hormone binding region cause absence of hormone binding or qualitative/quantitative changes leading to testicular feminization or Reifenstein syndrome

Question 57

Era point mutations have been found in (3)

Answer 57

breast cancer endometrial cancer psychiatric diseases

Question 58

"famous" case reported in 1994 of a 28 year old male with incomplete epiphyseal closure, was 80.3 inches tall (still growing). he was found to have a mutation in the ---- gene, which demonstrated the importance of

Answer 58

ESR1 | estrogen in males

Question 59

generalized glucocorticoid resistance

Answer 59

mutation in ligand binding domain of GR-alpha. presented with history of fatigue, anxiety, hyperandrogegism, and hypertension

Question 60

hereditary diseases involving steroid hormone receptors and vitamin D receptor

Answer 60

hereditary vitamin Resistant rickets, alopecia, intervertebral disc disease, leprosy

Question 61

definition of a non genomic action

Answer 61

a response to receptor binding that does not initially influence gene expression, but involves signaling cascades (which may or may not result in gene expression changes)

Question 62

agonists

Answer 62

bind to a steroid hormone receptor and trigger signaling pathways characteristic of the original hormone

Question 63

dianabol

Answer 63

synthetic agonist of the androgen receptor membrane of nuclear hormone receptor family, stimulates expression of genes that enhance development of lean muscle mass (anabolic steroid)

Question 64

antagonists

Answer 64

bind to the nuclear hormone receptors but do not trigger signaling pathways (like competitive inhibitors)

Question 65

tamoxifen and raloxifene

Answer 65

``` antagonists of the estrogen receptor used in treating and preventing breast cancer because sone breast tumors rely on estrogen mediated pathways for growth. class of compounds, SERM ```

Question 66

tropical issues (3)

Answer 66

environmental and food chemicals which bind to estrogen and testosterone receptors weakly bisphenol Ai n plastic bottles and plastic water pipes phytoestrogens in soy products

Question 67

steroid hormones are synthesized from

Answer 67

cholesterol

Question 68

steroids hormones act through --- or --- mechanisms

Answer 68

genomic or nongenomic

Question 69

the classical mechanism is through interactions of steroids hormones with

Answer 69

nuclear receptors

Question 70

membrane HR also exert modulatory effects on nuclear HR through signaling pathways targeting

Answer 70

nuclear HR and co-activators

Question 71

membrane receptor binding of steroid hormones initiates various signaling pathways and activates other TF that can lead to transaction of some genes without

Answer 71

HREs

Question 72

sex hormones or their analogs are used in the treatment of a variety of

Answer 72

diseases

Question 73

analogs of sex hormones also have a number of --- uses that can have serious side effects

Answer 73

recreational