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Applied Biochemistry > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

electrical synapses

A

two neurons connected by a gap junction, which allows electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

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2
Q

what do chemical synapses release?

A

NT from the presynaptic membrane which bind t receptors of the postsynaptic membrane

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3
Q

chemical synapses specify..

A

which will happen to a neuron, can regulate depending on what ligands and receptors are present

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4
Q

NT trigger (2) or modulate the postsynaptic cell

A

EPSPs/IPSPs

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5
Q

quanta

A

amount of NT located within

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6
Q

where are SNAREs located (2)

A

vesicle membrane

presynaptic membrane

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7
Q

SNARE proteins I the SV and plasma membrane help to

A

dock the vesicles and then zip together t oforce the membranes to fuse

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8
Q

– triggers fusion and exocytosis

A

calcium

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9
Q

botulinum toxin

A

cleaves SNARES so the vesicle can’t fuse with the membrane which prevents release of acetylcholine and therefore no muscle contraction

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10
Q

botulinum toxin involves (2)

A

SNAP 25

syntaxin

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11
Q

depending on the NT and the type of receptor it binds to, it can either

A

excite or inhibit the postsynaptic membrane

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12
Q

excitatory NT (3)

A

glutamate
aspartame
nitric oxide

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13
Q

inhibitory NT (4)

A

glycine
GABA
serotonin
dopamine

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14
Q

both excitatory and inhibitory NT (2)

A

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

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15
Q

resting MP

A

-65 mV

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16
Q

-65 mV is the potential on the

A

inside of the neuron

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17
Q

Na+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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18
Q

K+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

inside

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19
Q

Ca2+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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20
Q

Mg2+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

inside

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21
Q

Cl- has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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22
Q

EPSP is triggered by (2)

A

Na+

Cl-

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23
Q

IPSP is triggered by (1)

A

K+

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24
Q

example of EPSPs

A

NT opens cation channels for (Na+, Ca2+)

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25
example of IPSP
NT opens Cl- channels
26
neurons receive numerous inputs from
other neurons synapsing with the dendrites or cell body
27
where to EPSP and IPSP come together to generate an action potential (or not)
axon hillock
28
If the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs/IPSPs reach a threshold potential at the axon hillock, this will
open voltage gated Na+ channels and induce an action potential in the neuronal axon
29
types of neurotransmitters (6)
``` small molecule transmitters amino acids/derivatives amines proteins/peptides gases endocannabinoids ```
30
examples of Small molecule transmitters (2)
Ach | ATP/adenosine
31
amino acids/derivates (3)
Glutamate (Glu) Gamma-amminobutyric acid (GABA) Glycine (Gly)
32
amines (5)
``` Serotonin (5-HT) Histamine Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (E) ```
33
serotonin is synthesized from
tryptophan
34
dopamine is synthesized from
tyrosine
35
examples of Proteins/Peptides (4)
Released by the hypothalamus Released by the Pituitary Endorphins Others
36
examples of Proteins/Peptides (4)
Released by the hypothalamus Released by the Pituitary Endorphins: enkephalins, opiods Others: Substance P, Bradykinin, Angiotensin II
37
Released by the hypothalamus- (3)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin
38
Released by the Pituitary- (7)
``` Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin ```
39
Endorphins: (2)
enkephalins, opiods
40
Others: (3)
Substance P, Bradykinin, Angiotensin II
41
glasses (2)
``` Nitric oxide (NO) carbon monoxide (CO) ```
42
endocannabinoids (2)
Anandamide | arachidonyl glycerol
43
CB1 receptor
located on presynaptic membrane
44
potential responses to endocannabinoids (5)
``` Increase Pleasure Inhibit Pain Inhibit Nausea Decrease Learning/Memory Movement ```
45
Types of receptors (3)
Transmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors G-protein-coupled receptors, or metabotropic receptors Enzyme linked receptors
46
Transmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors (2)
- ion channels (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+) | - depolarize/hyperpolarize cell
47
G-protein-coupled receptors, or metabotropic receptors (1)
-indirectly linked to ion channels
48
Enzyme-linked receptors- (1)
tyrosine kinase receptors
49
inhibiting GABA
increases dopamine
50
for Ionotropic Receptors- ligand gated, when the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor it
changes conformation
51
Opening of ion channels results in an increased
concentration of the ion | inside of the cell
52
Metabotropic Receptors:
An activated G-protein diffuses in the membrane to act on its target, which may be an ion channel, enzymes, or gene transcription.
53
metabotropic receptors open up ion channels
indirectly
54
Example of Ionotropic Receptor: GABAA receptor for GABA
Chloride channel inhibitory, IPSP selective for chloride Cl- moves into the cell, which makes it harder for the neuron to fire
55
GABA | GABA + pentobarbital
GABA + pentobarbital results in even more opening, and therefore more CL- coming in
56
Example of Inotropic Receptor- NMDA receptor for glutamate
Na+/Ca2+ channel
57
Na+/Ca2+ channel requires -- as a cofactor
glycine
58
how can glycine act
excitatory in the brain | inhibitory in the spinal cord
59
channel blocking agonists (3)
ketamine PCP memantine
60
Example: Acetylcholine Ionotropic Receptor
the Nicotinic Receptor
61
the Nicotinic Receptor is found in (2)
nerves and muscles
62
antagonist of the Nicotinic Receptor
curare
63
curare
blocks the channel, paralyzes muscle such as the diaphragm so you can't breathe
64
the Nicotinic Receptor mechanism
na+ enters the channel EPSP calcium release muscle contraction
65
Example: Acetylcholine Metabotropic Receptor
the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor
66
the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor is
g coupled
67
the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor is found in
organs
68
the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor antagonist
atropine
69
atropine
blocks Ach to increase HR
70
most common example of the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor
heart | reduces heart rate
71
--- can active both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
ACh
72
Nicotinic receptor: Ach agonist antagonist
nicotine | curare
73
Muscarinic receptor: Ach agonist antagonist
muscarine | atrophie
74
N1 | N2
skeletal muscle or nerve | postaganglionic neurons
75
muscarinic receptor: --- actions found in
parasympathetic | target organs

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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