Innate and Adaptive Immunity Part 2 Flashcards by sophie rosen

what are the components of GALT

Peters patches (PPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles constitute the major part of GALT, but the appendix is also included

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what are the components of NALT?

in humans, NALT consists of the lymphoid tissue of waldezyers pharyngeal ring, including the adenoids (the unpaired nasopharyngeal tonsil) and the paired palatine tonsils, scattered isolated lymphoid follicles may also occur in nasal mucosa

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rodents lack tonsils, but do have paired

NALT structures dorsally in the floor of the nasal cavity and also salivary glands

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what are the components of BALT

not generally detectable in normal lungs of adult humans

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waldeyers ring

an interrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts

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composition of saliva (9)

~99% water 
Na
K
Ca
Mg 
bicarbonate proteins
enzymes 
muffins 
nitrogenous products such as urea and NH3

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types of saliva (3)

serous
mucos
mixed serous and mucos

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serous saliva is the main product of the

parotid glands

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mucos saliva is the main product of the

minor glands

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mixed serous and mucos saliva is the main product of the (2)

sublingual and submandibular glands

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functions of saliva (6)

lubrication and protection
buffering action and clearance 
maintenance of tooth integrity 
antibacterial activity 
taste and digestion
saliva production is 750-1000 mL/day

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where is GCF secreted

into the space (gingival sulcus) between the surface of the toot hand the free margin of the epithelium lining the gingiva

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how much GCF is secreted a day

1-2 mL /day

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functions of GCF (4)

cleansing the sulcus
improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth surface
antimicrobial properties
antibody defense of the gingiva

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how many proteins and peptides detected in the proteome of saliva?

> 2000

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200 proteins are secretions of

major glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)

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secretions of the major glands include (6)

alpha-amylase
mucins
histatins
statherin
salivary cystatins
PB peptide

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the remaining 1800 proteins include (2)

alpha defensins

beta thymosins

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what is the major fraction of salivary proteins?

proline rich proteins (PRPs)

20-30% of total

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PRPs are highly

phosphorylated, some

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where is the highest concentration of PRPs found?

in parotid saliva

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> 20 PRPs are (2)

acidic
basic
glycosylated

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acidic PRPs (3)

10-40 kDa
N terminal region contains high % of acidic GAs (ex. asp glu)
bind bacteria

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basic PRPs (3)

60-70 kDa
high content of basic Was (ex. arg, his, lys)
bind fungi and viruses

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glycosylated PRPs (1)

bind bacteria and virus

PRPs help exclude

microbes from surfaces and clear from oral cavity

alpha-amylase

major digestive enzyme (glycoside hydrolase)

alpha-amylase catalyzes breakdown of

starch into sugars (di, tri-saccharides)

alpha amylase acts on

alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

alpha amylase optimum pH is

6.7-7

antimicrobial properties of alpha-amylase (4)

Binds bacteria, (pili involved in bacterial adhesion); promotes clearance from oral cavity to GI tract (e.g., Streptococcus gordonii, S. mitis, S. crista, S. anginosus) Direct inhibitory effect on certain bacteria; powerful selective inhibitor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) May inhibit virus (equine & porcine rotaviruses)

cystatins are what kind of inhibitor

cys protease inhibitors | block bacterial and parasitic protozoan proteases

how many cystatins are present in saliva?

7 | A, B C, D, S, SA, SN

highest concentrations of cystatins are found in --- and lowest in ---

highest: submandibular saliva lowest: parotid saliva

which cystatins inhibit bacterial growth?

C and S

which sustains bind bacteria and bacterial LPS? (2)

SN and S

cystatins are also likey to exert

antiviral effects

mucins

High molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins

mucins are produced by

epithelial tissues

mucins are secreted onto

mucosal surfaces or as component of saliva

mucins bind to

pathogens are part of the immune system

mucins prevent

adherence of oral microbes to the enamel pellicle and inhibits their growth, reducing caries

mucins form

viscous coating on epithelial surfaces

microbes excluded from the surface due to

steric hinderance from the dense glycostlation layer

MG1 is produced in the

submandibular gland for

MG1 function

barrier protection

MG@ is produced in

acini of submandibular and labial glands

MG2 interacts with -- and promotes

streptococci | promotes their aggregation

statherin size and # of residues

5.4 kDa (43 residues)

statherin is a (3) phosphoprotein

tyr gluc pro-rich

statherin inhibits

precipitation of calcium phosphate salts from saliva

statherin is critical for

remineralization of teeth

statherin binding of bacteria likely leads to

aggregation and clearance towards the stomach

histatins size

small, 7-38 aa

histatins are rich in

His-rich | cationic peptides

histatins are secreted by (3)

parotid SL SM glands

histatins broad spectrum properties (3)

antibacterial antifungal antiviral

histatins act on

microbial membranes

primary function of salivary antibodies

inactivate bacteria, fungi, viruses & microbial toxins via binding and/or agglutination

salivary antibodies are constitutively excreted into

saliva

2 major antibody classes

``` secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) ```

secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (4)

a) 90-98% of salivary Ab b) dimeric or polymeric c) produced by salivary gland d) 15% derived from serum; monomeric

immunoglobulin G (IgG) (3)

a) 1-10% of salivary Ab b) monomeric c) serum derived

there is a small fraction of (3) salivary antibodies

IgM IgD IgE

Serum derived IgG & monomeric (non-secretory) IgA enter oral cavity via (3)

GCF mucosal transudate ultrafiltration through the SG acini

salivary defenses (3)

cationic, lys containing peptides alpha-defensins beta-defensins

alpha-defensins (4)

HNP1, HNP2, HNP3, HNP4

alpha-defensins are produced by

neutrophil granulocytes

beta-defensins (4)

hBD1, hBD2, hBD3, hBD4

beta-defensins are produced by

mucosal cells

both alpha and beta defensins are present in (4)

whole saliva GCF broad antibacterial, antifungal & antiviral activities also various immune activator & modulatory activities, incl. induction of cytokines & chemoattraction for immature dendritic & memory T-cells

Fordyce's granules

they are sebaceous glands containing lipid. - a normal phenomenon not an infection,

Fordyce's granules have been linked to

hyperlipidemia

where was the term antibody was coined

by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in 1890. They discovered that the serum of vaccinated individuals contained substances that specifically bound to relevant pathogens

The diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors is generated by

somatic gene-segment rearrangements

antibody diversity light chains (2)

V (variable region) and J (joining segment)

Κ light chain gene cluster is on

Cs 2

λ light chain gene cluster is on

Cs 22

heavy chains (5)

α, δ, ε, γ, and μ

heavy gene are on

Cs 14

35 VLκ genes X 4 JLκ genes =

140 κ chain variable region genes

3o VLλ genes X 5 JLλ genes =

150 λ chain variable region genes

Total of --- different light chains

290

Heavy Chains

100 VH genes X 23 DH genes X 6 JH genes = 13,800 chain variable regions

Total binding specificities:

290 X 13,800 = 4,002,000

In additional junctional diversity caused by addition or removal of nucleotides between the different gene segments increases the specificity of the variable region to

10^10 !!!

Antigens are molecules recognized by the

immune response

Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind are known as

epitopes

complement

its role in “complementing” the antibacterial activity of antibodies was discussed in a previous lecture

Complement can also be activated early in infection in the absence of

antibodies

It now appears that complement first evolved as part of the innate immune system, where it plays an important role in (2)

coating pathogens and facilitating their destruction