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Applied Biochemistry > Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

immune system

A

the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in adaptive immunity, or sometimes the totality of host defense mechanisms

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2
Q

innate immune system

A

the component of the immune system in animals that is genetically determined and is nonspecific, as distinguished from the adaptive immune system

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3
Q

elements of the innate immune system include (6)

A

mucous secretions complement proteins

certain white blood cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells)

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4
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

the component of the vertebrate immune system involving lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) containing a small number of genetically encoded proteins that combine to produce an enormous variety of proteins capable of recognizing and deactivating specific antigens

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5
Q

categories of disease causing microorganisms (4)

A

viruses
bacteria
pathogenic fungi
parasites

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6
Q

The early phases of the host response to infection depend on — —

A

innate immunity

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7
Q

The early phases of the host response to infection depend on innate immunity in which a variety of innate resistance mechanisms (2)

A

recognize and respond to the presence of a pathogen

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8
Q

innate immunity utilizes invariant receptors that recognize

A

common features of pathogens

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9
Q

Innate immunity is present in all individuals at all times, does not increase with repeated

A

exposure to a given pathogen

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10
Q

innate immunity discriminates between

A

a group of related pathogens

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11
Q

The adaptive immune response or adaptive immunity is the response of

A

antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

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12
Q

Adaptive immune responses are generated by

A

clonal selection of lymphocytes

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13
Q

Adaptive immune responses are distinct from innate and nonadaptive phases of immunity, which are not mediated by

A

clonal selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes

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14
Q

Adaptive immune responses are also known as

A

acquired immune responses

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15
Q

In many cases adaptive immune responses lead to immunologic memory which confers

A

lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen

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16
Q

innate immunity (immediate, 0-4 hours) (3)

A

infection
recognition by preformed, non specific and beadily specific effectors
removal of infectious agent

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17
Q

early induced innate response (early, 4-96 hours) (4)

A

infection
recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns
inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells
removal of infectious agent

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18
Q

adaptive immune response (late: >96 hours) (5)

A 
infection
transport of antigen to lymphoid organs
recognition by naive B and T cells 
clonal expansion and differentiation of effector cells 
removal of infectious agent
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19
Q

major cells of the innate immunity include (5)

A 
macrophages 
granulocytes 
mast cells 
dendritic cells 
natural killer (NK) cells
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20
Q

activated function of macrophages (2)

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

antigen presentation

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21
Q

where are macrophages present?

A

all tissues

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22
Q

macrophages are the mature form of

A

monocytes

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23
Q

macrophages orchestrate immune responses and help induce

A

inflammation

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24
Q

what do macrophages secrete

A

signaling proteins that activate other immune cells

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25
macrophages are the general --- cells in the body
scavenger
26
what receptors for microbial constituents are present on macrophages? (6)
``` mannose recept LPS receptor TLR2 TLR4 gluten receptor scavenger receptor ```
27
activated function of neutrophils
phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
28
most numerous immune cell
neutrophils
29
neutrophils. are most important in
innate immune responses
30
eosinophil active function
killing of antibody coated parasites
31
activated function of basophils
unknown
32
basophils and eosinophils release granules when activated that contain a
variety of enzymes and toxic proteins
33
basophils are thought to be chiefly involved in
defense against parasites
34
activated function of mast cells
release of granules containing histamine and active agents
35
activated function of dendritic cells (2)
antigen uptake in peripheral sites | antigen presentation
36
dendritic cells degrade pathogens they take up, but their main role is not clearance, but rather to
present antigens to the T lymphocytes
37
natural killer cell is part of --- immunity, it is not specific for ---
innate, antigen
38
what do nk cells release?
lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells
39
how does infection trigger an immune response? (3)
bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat and swelling inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
40
how do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses (3)
immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes mature dendritic cells active naive T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes
41
Infectious agents must overcome --- host defenses in order to establish an infection
innate
42
infectious disease is generally quite
infrequent
43
the epithelial (mucosal) surfaces form the first barrier against most microorganisms and have --- --- mechanisms if injured
rapid repair
44
MALT
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
45
MALT can be classified beside (4)
Gut-associated (GALT) Bronchus-associated (BALT) Nasal-associated (NALT) Tear-duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT)
46
how else can MALT be classified?
organized (O-MALT) if it forms an identifiable mass (tonsil) | diffuse (D-MALT)
47
MALT can be further divided into (2)
inductive sites | effector sites
48
Inductive Sites:
Organized MALT structures and the mucosa-draining lymph nodes
49
Effector Sites:
Mucosal epithelia and underlying lamina propia containing stromal cells and associated connective tissue stroma
50
Mucosal epithelial cells provide (2)
a physical barrier and innate immunity
51
Goblet cells secrete mucus that forms a
dense, protective covering for the entire epithelium
52
Peristalsis in the GI tract moves food and potential pathogens, while ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract capture inhaled potential pathogenic particles and expel them through their
beating motion
53
Paneth cells produce
anti-microbial peptides
54
intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various
T-cells
55
which mucosal immune system are the best studied?
gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
56
Mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to microbes and are frequently
infected
57
Mucosal immunity is ---, rather than reactive, constantly making --- immune responses against microbes
proactive | adaptive
58
Mucosal immune system generally does not activate inflammation. In the gut, inflammation likely would --- the infection rather than clear it out
exacerbate
59
Mucosal immune responses do little damage to the tissue involved and are part of the normal process and contribute to the frequency with which
gut epithelial cells are turned over and replaced
60
length of skin
2 m^2 | 25-30 m^2 if calculation includes invaginations due to hair follicles
61
length of lungs
140 m^2
62
length of GI tract
200 m^2
63
types of mucosal surfaces (2)
type 1 | type 2
64
Type I mucosal surfaces are covered by
simple epithelium
65
type 1 mucosal surfaces express a
simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows dimeric IgA to access the lumen
66
examples of type 1 (3)
intestine lungs uterus
67
type 2 mucosal surface is covered by a
stratified squamous epithelium
68
stratified squamous epithelium of type 2 mucosa provides a
physical protective barrier activities that are important for the host
69
examples of type 2 (2)
oral cavity | vaginal cavity
70
mode of transmission of the airway (2)
inhaled droplet | spores
71
mode of transmission of the GI tract
contaminated food or water
72
mode of transmission of the reproductive tract
physical contact
73
COVID 19 spike protein
ligand that binds to human ACE2 protein, expressed in human epithelial airways. results in membrane fusion and entry into the host
74
Ab to the spike protein prevents
interaction between the virus and receptor
75
infection and stages of response (4)
adherence to epithelium local infection, penetration of epithelium local infection of tissues adaptive immunity
76
bactericidal agents produced and released by phagocytes (6)
``` acidification toxic oxygen derived products toxic nitrogen oxides antimicrobial peptides enzymes competitors ```
77
three types of mucosal epithelial cells in host defense
``` villus type (GI tract) ciliated epithelium (nose, URT) exocrine glands (ductal cells) ```
78
outer gut mucous layer (3)
non-sterile degrading mucous microbes utilize mucin carbohydrates for energy
79
inner mucus layer (3)
relatively sterile | rich in antimicrobial molecules
80
outer mucus layer vs inner mucus layer
outer is thinner, where the bacteria reside | inner is thicker and free of bacteria

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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