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cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of every organism

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2
Q

all cells…

A

are bound by a plasma membrane

contain cytosol

contain chromosomes

contain ribosomes

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3
Q

two types of cells

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

domains bacteria and archaea

DNA is in the nucleoid region

generally smaller in size than eukaryotes

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5
Q

eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

DNA is in the nucleus

contain membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

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7
Q

two classifications of organelles

A

endomembrane organelles and energy organelles

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8
Q

endomembrane organelles

A

nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi complex

lysosomes

vesicles/vacuoles

plasma membrane

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9
Q

energy organelles

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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10
Q

compartmentalization

A

in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations

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11
Q

compartmentalization functions

A

increases surface area for reactions to occur

prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location

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12
Q

unique cell components

plants

A

chloroplasts

central vacuole

cell wall

plasmodesmata

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13
Q

unique cell components

animals

A

lysosomes

centrosomes

flagella

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14
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes

enclosed by the nuclear envelope (double membrane)

has pores

contains a nucleolus

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15
Q

chromosomes

A

genetic information

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16
Q

pores (in the nucleus)

A

regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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18
Q

what do rRNA and proteins combine to form?

A

large and small subunits of ribosomes

subunits exit via nuclear pores; assemble into ribosomes

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19
Q

ribosomes function

A

synthesize proteins

translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides

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20
Q

ribosomes comprisition

A

ribosomal RNA and protein

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21
Q

two locations where ribosomes can be found

A

cytosol

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

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22
Q

cytosol

A

proteins produced here generally function only within the cytosol (ie enzymes)

known as free ribosomes

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23
Q

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

A

proteins produced here can be secreted from the cell

leave via transport vesicles

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24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranous sacs and tubes

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25
endoplasmic reticulum functions
synthesized membranes compartmentalizations the cell to keep proteins formed in the ER separate from those of free ribosomes
26
two types of endoplasmic reticulum
rough and smooth
27
rough ER
contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane
28
smooth ER
contains no ribosomes synthesized lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell
29
golgi complex
contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
30
cisternae
separate the sacs from the cytosol each cisternae is not connected has directionality (cis face and trans face)
31
cis face in golgi complex
receives vesicles from the ER
32
trans face in golgi complex
sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion
33
golgi complex functions
receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER modifies the materials sorts the materials adds molecular tags packages material into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis
34
lysosomes
membranous sac with hydrolytic enzyme
35
lysosomes functions
hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells autophagy
36
autophagy
lysosomes can recycle their own cell’s organic materials allow the cell to renew itself
37
peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes membrane bound metabolic compartment. catalyze reactions that produce H2O2; enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 to water
38
vacuoles
large vesicles that stem from the ER and golgi
39
types of vacuoles
food vacuole contractile vacuole central vacuole
40
food vacuole
form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then ate digested by lysosomes
41
contractile vacuole
maintain water levels in cells
42
central vacuole
found in plants contains inorganic ions and water important for turgor pressure
43
endosymbiont theory
the theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote theory states that an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell; prokaryotic became and endosymbiont (cell that lives in another cell), became one functional organism
44
endosymbiont theory evidence
double membrane ribosomes circular DNA capable of functioning on their own
45
mitochndria
site of cellular respiration
46
structure of the double membrane in mitochondria
outer membrane is smooth inner membrane has folds called cristae; divides the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases the surface area
47
mitochondria types
intermembrane and mitochondrial matrix
48
intermembrane mitochondria
space between inner and outer membrane
49
mitochondrial matrix mitochondria
enclosed by inner member location for the krebs cycle contains: enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes
50
what does the number of mitochondria in a cell correlate with?
metabolic activity
51
do cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria?
yes
52
chloroplast
specialized organelles in photsynthetic organisms
53
thylakoids (inside the double membrane of chloroplasts)
membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana
54
stroma
fluid around thylakoids location for the calvin cycle contains: chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
55
cytoskeleton
a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm give structural support and mechanical support
56
cytoskeleton functions
anchor organelles allow for movement of vesicles and organelles and/or the whole cell
57
what does the cytoskeleton have to interact with for movement to occur?
motor proteins
58
three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton
microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments
59
microtubules
hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tubulin grow from the centrosome (assist in microtubule assembly)
60
microtubules functions
serve as structural support (think: tracks) for the movement of organelles that are interacting in motor proteins assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division cell motility (ie cilia and flagella)
61
microfilaments
thin solid rods made of the protein actin
62
microfilaments functions
maintain cell shape assist in muscle contraction and cell motility division of animal cells
63
intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits permanent structural elements of cells
64
intermediate filaments functions
maintain cell shape anchor nucleus and organelles form the nuclear laminate (lines the nuclear envelope)

ap biology (12 decks)

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